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Anatomy & Physiology > 5 Skeleton > Flashcards

5 Skeleton Flashcards

1
Q

the two subdivisions of the skeleton

A

axial skeleton

appendicular skeleton

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2
Q

axial skeleton

A

the bones that form the longitudinal axis of the body

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3
Q

appendicular skeleton

A

the bones of the limbs and girdles

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4
Q

the bones that form the longitudinal axis of the body

A

axial skeleton

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5
Q

the bones of the limbs and girdles

A

appendicular skeleton

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6
Q

in addition to bones, the skeletal system also includes these

A

joints
cartilages
ligaments

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7
Q

ligaments

A

fibrous cords that bind the bones together at joints

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8
Q

fibrous cords that bind the bones together at joints

A

ligaments

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9
Q

what do the joints do?

A

give the body flexibility and allow movement to occur

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10
Q

give the body flexibility and allow movement to occur

A

joints

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11
Q

functions of bones

A 
support
protection
movement
storage
blood cell formation
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12
Q

how do bones provide support?

A

form the internal framework that supports the body; bones of legs act as pillars to support the body trunk; rib cage supports the thoracic wall

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13
Q

how do bones provide protection?

A

protect soft body organs; skull is snug enclosure for brain; vertebrae surround the spinal cord; rib cage protects vital organs of the thorax

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14
Q

how do bones provide movement?

A

skeletal muscles, attached to bones by tendons, use the bones as levers to move the body and its parts

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15
Q

how do bones provide storage?

A

fat is stored in the internal (marrow) cavities of the bones; bone are storehouse for minerals (calcium & phosphorus most important)

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16
Q

in what form is the body’s calcium stored?

A

most is deposited in the bones as calcium salts, but a small amount of calcium in ion form must be present in the blood at all times for the nervous system to transmit messages, muscles to contract, and blood to clot

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17
Q

how do bones contribute to blood formation?

A

blood cell formation (hematopoiesis) occurs within the red marrow cavities of certain bones

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18
Q

blood cell formation

A

hematopoiesis

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19
Q

hematopoiesis

A

blood cell formation

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20
Q

how many bones compose the adult skeleton

A

206 bones

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21
Q

the two basic types of osseous (bone) tissue

A

compact bone

spongy bone

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22
Q

compact bone

A

bone is dense and looks smooth and homogeneous

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23
Q

spongy bone

A

bone is composed of small needlelike pieces of bone and lots of open space

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24
Q

bone is dense and looks smooth and homogeneous

A

compact bone

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25
Q

bone is composed of small needlelike pieces of bone and lots of open space

A

spongy bone

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26
Q

bones are classified according to shape into these four groups

A

long
short
flat
irregular

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27
Q

long bones

A

longer than they are wide; as a rule have a shaft with heads at both ends; mostly compact bone; all the bones of the limbs (except patella, wrist & ankle bones)

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28
Q

short bones

A

generally cube-shaped; contain mostly spongy bone; the bones of the wrist and ankle; sesamoid bones, which form within tendons, are a special type; best known example is the patella

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29
Q

bones longer than they are wide

A

long bones

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30
Q

as a rule these bones have a shaft with heads at both ends; mostly compact bone

A

long bones

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31
Q

all the bones of the limbs (except patella, wrist & ankle bones) are these

A

long bones

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32
Q

these bones are generally cube-shaped; contain mostly spongy bone

A

short bones

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33
Q

the bones of the wrist and ankle

A

short bones

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34
Q

sesamoid bones, which form within tendons are a special type

A

short bones

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35
Q

best known example is the patella

A

short bones

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36
Q

flat bones

A

thin, flattened, and usually curved; have two thin layers of compact bone sandwiching a layer of spongy bone between them; most bones of the skull, the ribs, and the sternum (breastbone)

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37
Q

bone that are thin, flattened, and usually curved

A

flat bones

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38
Q

have two thin layers of compact bone sandwiching a layer of spongy bone between them

A

flat bones

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39
Q

most bones of the skull, the ribs, and the sternum (breastbone) are this kind of bone

A

flat bone

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40
Q

irregular bones

A

bones that do not fit into the long, short or flat bone categories; vertebrae and hip bones

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41
Q

bones that do not fit into the long, short or flat bone categories

A

irregular bones

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42
Q

vertebrae and hip bones are in this category

A

irregular bones

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43
Q

the skeleton is constructed of which two supportive tissues

A

cartilage

bone

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44
Q

in embryos, the skeleton is composed mainly of this

A

hyaline cartilage

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45
Q

articulations

A

joints

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46
Q

another name for joints

A

articulations

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47
Q

bone classification of the humerus

A

long

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48
Q

bone classification of the phalanx (phalanges)

A

long

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49
Q

bone classification of the parietal (skull bone)

A

flat

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50
Q

bone classification of the calcaneus (tarsal bone)

A

short

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51
Q

bone classification of the rib bones

A

flat

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52
Q

bone classification of the vertebrae

A

irregular

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53
Q

bone classification of the wrist bones

A

short

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54
Q

bone classification of the ankle bones

A

short

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55
Q

bone classification of the patella (kneecap)

A

short

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56
Q

bone classification of the sternum bones

A

flat

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57
Q

bone classification of the hip bones

A

irregular

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58
Q

the shaft of a long bone

A

diaphysis; makes up most of the bone’s length and is composed of compact bone

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59
Q

diaphysis

A

the shaft of a long bones; makes up most of the bone’s length and is composed of compact bone

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60
Q

makes up most of a long bone’s length and is composed of compact bone

A

diaphysis; the shaft

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61
Q

periosteum

A

the fibrous connective tissue membrane covering and protecting the diaphysis on a long bone

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62
Q

the fibrous connective tissue membrane covering and protecting the diaphysis on a long bone

A

periosteum

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63
Q

part of long bone made almost entirely of compact bone

A

diaphysis

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64
Q

site of red blood cell formation

A

red marrow cavity

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65
Q

fibrous membrane that covers the long bone

A

periosteum

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66
Q

scientific term for bone end on a long bone

A

epiphysis

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67
Q

part of long bone that contains fat in adult bones

A

medullary cavity

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68
Q

growth plate remnant in long bone

A

epiphyseal line

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69
Q

perforating fibers (Sharpey’s fibers)

A

hundreds of connective tissue fibers that secure the periosteum to the underlying bone (fibers of the periosteum that are penetrating the bone)

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70
Q

hundreds of connective tissue fibers that secure the periosteum to the underlying bone

A

perforating fibers (Sharpey’s fibers)

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71
Q

fibers of the periosteum that are penetrating the bone

A

perforating fibers (Sharpey’s fibers)

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72
Q

the ends of the long bone

A

epiphyses

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73
Q

epiphysis

A

the ends of the long bone; consists of a thin layer of compact bone enclosing and area filled with spongy bone

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74
Q

part of long bone that consists of a thin layer of compact bone enclosing and area filled with spongy bone

A

epiphysis; the ends of the long bone

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75
Q

articular cartilage

A

covers the external surface of the epiphysis instead of periosteum; is glassy hyaline cartilage that provides a smooth slippery surface to decrease friction at joint surfaces

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76
Q

covers the external surface of the epiphysis

A

articular cartilage

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77
Q

glassy hyaline cartilage that provides a smooth slippery surface to decrease friction at joint surfaces

A

articular cartilage

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78
Q

why does articular cartilage cover the external surface instead of the periosteum like the rest of the long bone?

A

because articular cartilage is a glassy hyaline cartilage that provides a smooth slippery surface to decrease friction at joint surfaces

79
Q

in adult bones, the thin line of bony tissue spanning the epiphysis that looks different from the rest of the bone in that area

A

epiphyseal line

80
Q

the epiphyseal line

A

remnant of the epiphyseal plate; the thin line of bony tissue spanning the epiphysis of adult long bones

81
Q

epiphyseal plate

A

a flat plane of hyaline cartilage seen in a young, growing bone; at end of puberty, epiphyseal plates have been replaced by bone, leaving only epiphyseal lines to mark their previous location

82
Q

a flat plane of hyaline cartilage seen in a young, growing bone

A

epiphyseal plate

83
Q

in adult long bones the cavity of the shaft is primarily a storage area for what?

A

adipose (fat) tissue

84
Q

what part of and adult long bone is primarily a storage area for adipose (fat) tissue?

A

the medullary (yellow marrow) cavity; the cavity of the shaft

85
Q

medullary cavity

A

the cavity of the long bone shaft; also known as the yellow marrow cavity; in adults primarily a storage area for adipose (fat) tissue; in infants area forms blood cells, and red marrow is found there

86
Q

in infants this area of the long bone forms blood cells, and red marrow is found there

A

medullary cavity

87
Q

where is red marrow confined to in adult long bones?

A

cavities in the spongy bone of flat bones and the epiphyses of some long bones

88
Q

in adults, what is confined to the cavities in the spongy bone of flat bones and the epiphyses of some long bones?

A

red marrow

89
Q

how do you define the two ends of a long bone if they’re both epiphyses?

A

proximal epiphysis

distal epiphysis

90
Q

the array of bumps, holes and ridges scarring bones so they are not featureless and smooth

A

bone markings

91
Q

bone markings

A

the array of bumps, holes and ridges scarring bones so they are not featureless and smooth; reveal where muscles, tendons, and ligaments were attached to bones and where blood vessels and nerves passed

92
Q

what reveal where muscles, tendons, and ligaments were attached to bones and where blood vessels and nerves passed?

A

bone markings

93
Q

the two categories of bone markings

A

projections (processes)

depressions (cavities)

94
Q

projections (processes)

A

bone markings which grow out from the bone surface

95
Q

bone markings which grow out from the bone surface

A

projections (processes)

96
Q

depressions (cavities)

A

bone markings which are indentations in the bones

97
Q

bone markings which are indentations in the bones

A

depressions (cavities)

98
Q

important anatomical landmarks on the bones

A

bone markings

99
Q

trabeculae

A

the small needlelike bones of spongy bone

100
Q

the small needlelike bones of spongy bone

A

trabeculae

101
Q

osteocyte

A

mature bone cells; found within the matrix of compact bone tissue in tiny cavities called lacunae

102
Q

mature bone cells; found within the matrix of compact bone tissue in tiny cavities called lacunae

A

osteocyte

103
Q

lacunae

A

tiny cavities within the bone matrix occupied by osteocytes; the lacunae are arranged in concentric circles called lamellae around central (Haversian) canals

104
Q

tiny cavities within the bone matrix occupied by osteocytes

A

lacunae

105
Q

arranged in concentric circles called lamellae around central (Haversian) canals

A

lacunae

106
Q

lamellae

A

within the bone matrix the concentric circles lacunae are arranged in around central (Haversian) canals

107
Q

within the bone matrix the concentric circles lacunae are arranged in around central (Haversian) canals

A

lamellae

108
Q

central (Haversian) canals

A

run parallel to the long axis of the bone and carry blood vessels and nerves through the bony matrix to all areas of the bone; surrounded by concentric circles (lamellae) of tiny cavities (lacunae) containing mature bone cells (osteocytes)

109
Q

osteon

A

each complex within the bone matrix consisting of central canal and matrix rings

110
Q

each complex within the bone matrix consisting of central canal and matrix rings

A

osteon

111
Q

run parallel to the long axis of the bone and carry blood vessels and nerves through the bony matrix to all areas of the bone

A

central (Haversian) canals

112
Q

surrounded by lamellae

A

central (Haversian) canals

113
Q

tiny canals that radiate outward from the central canals to all lacunae

A

canaliculi

114
Q

canaliculi

A

tiny canals that radiate outward from the central canals to all lacunae

115
Q

form a transportation system that connects all bone cells to the nutrient supply through the hard bone matrix

A

canaliculi

116
Q

function of the organic matrix in bone?

A

connects all of the bone cells to nutrients to keep them well nourished

117
Q

perforating (Volkmann’s) canals

A

run into the compact bone at right angles to the shaft; complete the communication pathway from the outside of the bone to its interior (to the central canals)

118
Q

run into the compact bone at right angles to the shaft; complete the communication pathway from the outside of the bone to its interior (to the central canals)

A

perforating (Volkmann’s) canals

119
Q

route of nutrients through a compact bone periosteum to osteocyte

A

periosteum

  • > perforating (Volkmann’s) canal
  • > central (Haversian) canal
  • > canaliculi
  • > lacunae
  • > osteocyte
120
Q

what gives bones its hardness

A

calcium salts deposited in the matrix

121
Q

what provides for bone’s flexibility and tensile strength?

A

organic parts, especially the collagen fibers

122
Q

what is the skeleton formed from?

A

cartilage and bone

123
Q

what are two of the strongest and most supportive tissues in the body?

A

cartilage and bone

124
Q

cartilage and bone form what?

A

the skeleton

125
Q

what is the skeleton mostly made of in embryos?

A

hyaline cartilage

126
Q

what is the skeleton made of in a small child?

A

most of the hyaline cartilage has been replaced by bone

127
Q

as hyaline cartilage is replaced by bone in a child, where does the cartilage remain?

A

only in isolated areas:
bridge of the nose
parts of the ribs
joints

128
Q

how do flat bones form?

A

on fibrous membranes

129
Q

how do most bones develop?

A

they use hyaline cartilage structures as their “models”

130
Q

they use hyaline cartilage structures as their “models”

A

developing bones

131
Q

bone formation

A

ossification

132
Q

ossification

A

bone formation

133
Q

bone-forming cells

A

osteoblasts

134
Q

osteoblasts

A

bone-forming cells

135
Q

the two major stages of ossification

A
  1. hyaline cartilage model is completely covered with bone matrix of osteoblasts (a bone “collar) (fetus has cartilage bones covered by bony bones)
  2. enclosed hyaline cartilage is digested away, opening up a medullary cavity within the newly formed bone
136
Q

by birth or shortly after, most hyaline cartilage models have been converted to bone EXCEPT for which two regions?

A

the articular cartilages (cover bone ends)

the epiphyseal plates

137
Q

How do growing bones grow in length?

A

new cartilage is formed continuously on the external face of the articular cartilage and on the epiphyseal plate surface that faces the bone end. Old cartilage on the internal face of the articular cartilage and the medullary cavity broken down and replaced by bony matrix.

138
Q

how do growing bone grow in width?

A

appositional growth

139
Q

appositional growth

A

the process by which bones increase in diameter?

140
Q

the process of appositional growth:

A

osteoblasts (bone-forming cells) in the periosteum add bone tissue to the external face of the diaphysis (shaft of bone) as osteoclasts (bone-destroying cells) in the endosteum (lining of medullary cavity) remove bone from the inner face of the diaphysis wall.

141
Q

what controls appositional growth?

A

hormones, most important of which are growth hormone and, during puberty, the sex hormones

142
Q

when does the process of long-bone growth end?

A

during adolescence when the epiphyseal plates are completely converted into bone

143
Q

bones are remodeled continually in response to what two factors?

A

chemical levels in the blood

the pull of gravity and muscles on the skeleton

144
Q

what happens when blood calcium levels drop below homeostatic levels?

A

the parathyroid glands (located in the throat) are stimulated to release parathyroid hormone (PTH) into the blood

145
Q

when are the parathyroid glands (located in the throat) stimulated to release parathyroid hormone (PTH) into the blood?

A

when blood calcium levels drop below homeostatic levels

146
Q

what happens when PTH is released into the blood (in response to low calcium in the blood)

A

PTH activates osteoclasts to break down bone matrix and release calcium ions into the blood

147
Q

what activates osteoclasts to break down bone matrix and release calcium ions into the blood?

A

PTH (parathyroid hormone)

148
Q

osteoclasts

A

giant bone-destroying cells in bones

149
Q

giant bone-destroying cells in bones

A

osteoclasts

150
Q

what happens when blood calcium levels are too high?

A

calcium is deposited in bone matrix as hard calcium salts

151
Q

bone remodeling

A

the continuing process of synthesis and destruction that gives bone its mature structure and maintains normal calcium levels in the body.

152
Q

Tuberosity

A

Large, rounded projection; may be roughened

153
Q

Crest

A

Narrow ridge of bone; usually prominent

154
Q

Trochanter

A

Very large, blunt, irregularly shaped process (the only examples are on the femur)

155
Q

Line

A

Narrow ridge of bone; less prominent than a crest

156
Q

Tubercle

A

small rounded projection or process

157
Q

Epicondyle

A

Raised area on or above a condyle

158
Q

Spine

A

Sharp, slender, often pointed projection

159
Q

Ramus

A

Arm-like bar of bone

160
Q

Process

A

Any bony prominence

161
Q

Projections that are sites of muscle and ligament attachment: List

A 
Tuberosity
Crest
Trochanter
Line
Tubercle
Epicondyle
Spine
Ramus
Process
162
Q

Large, rounded projection; may be roughened

A

Tuberosity

163
Q

Narrow ridge of bone; usually prominent

A

Crest

164
Q

Very large, blunt, irregularly shaped process (the only examples are on the femur)

A

Trochanter

165
Q

Narrow ridge of bone; less prominent than a crest

A

Line

166
Q

small rounded projection or process

A

Tubercle

167
Q

Raised area on or above a condyle

A

Epicondyle

168
Q

Sharp, slender, often pointed projection

A

Spine

169
Q

Arm-like bar of bone

A

Ramus

170
Q

Any bony prominence

A

Process

171
Q

Head (Bone marking)

A

Bony expansion carried on a narrow neck

172
Q

Facet

A

Smooth, nearly flat articular surface

173
Q

Condyle

A

Rounded articular projection

174
Q

Projections that help to form joints: List

A

Head
Facet
Condyle
Ramus

175
Q

Bony expansion carried on a narrow neck

A

Head

176
Q

Smooth, nearly flat articular surface

A

Facet

177
Q

Rounded articular projection

A

Condyle

178
Q

Groove

A

slit-like furrow

179
Q

Fissure

A

Narrow, slit-like opening

180
Q

Foramen

A

Round or oval opening through the bone

181
Q

Notch

A

Indentation at the edge of a structure

182
Q

Depressions and Openings for passage of blood vessels and nerves: List

A

Groove
Fissure
Foramen
Notch

183
Q

slit-like furrow

A

Groove

184
Q

Narrow, slit-like opening

A

Fissure

185
Q

Round or oval opening through the bone

A

Foramen

186
Q

Indentation at the edge of a structure

A

Notch

187
Q

Meatus

A

canal-like passageway

188
Q

Sinus

A

Cavity within a bone, filled with air and lined with mucous membrane

189
Q

Fossa

A

shallow, basin-like depression in a bone, often serving as an articular surface

190
Q

canal-like passageway

A

Meatus

191
Q

Cavity within a bone, filled with air and lined with mucous membrane

A

Sinus

192
Q

shallow, basin-like depression in a bone, often serving as an articular surface

A

Fossa

193
Q

sesamoid bones

A

short bones which form within tendons;

194
Q

short bones which form within tendons

A

sesamoid bones

Anatomy & Physiology (13 decks)

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