1 The Human Body: An Orientation Flashcards
1
Q
Anatomy
A
The study of the structure and shape of the body and it’s parts and their relationship to each other.
2
Q
The study of how the body and it’s parts work or function
A
Physiology
3
Q
Physiology
A
The study of how the body and it’s parts work or function
4
Q
Groups of similar cells that have a common function.
A
Tissues
5
Q
Why you study anatomy and physiology together
A
Anatomy and physiology are related. The structure determines what functions can take place.
6
Q
The six levels of structural organization of the human body
A
chemical level cellular level tissue level organ level organ system level organismal level
7
Q
chemical level cellular level tissue level organ level organ system level organismal level
A
The six levels of structural organization of the human body
8
Q
Chemical level of structural organization
A
The simplest level of structural organization; atoms combine to form molecules, such as water sugar, and proteins.
9
Q
The simplest level of structural organization; atoms combine to form molecules, such as water sugar, and proteins.
A
Chemical level of structural organization
10
Q
The study of the structure and shape of the body and it’s parts and their relationship to each other.
A
Anatomy
11
Q
In this level of structural organization, Molecules associate in specific ways to form cells.
A
Cellular level of structural organization
12
Q
Cellular level of structural organization
A
In this level of structural organization, Molecules associate in specific ways to form cells.
13
Q
The smallest units of all living things
A
Cells
14
Q
The building blocks of matter
A
Atoms
15
Q
Tissue level of structural organization
A
In this level of structural organization, Tissues consist of groups of similar cells that have a common function.
16
Q
In this level of structural organization, groups of similar cells that have a common function.
A
Tissue level of structural organization
17
Q
Organ level of structural organization
A
In this level of structural organization, different tissue types combine to make organs.
18
Q
In this level of structural organization, different tissue types combine to make organs.
A
Organ level of structural organization
19
Q
A structure composed of two or more tissue types that perform a specific function for the body.
A
An organ
20
Q
Organ
A
A structure composed of two or more tissue types that perform a specific function for the body.
21
Q
Atoms
A
The building blocks of matter
22
Q
Tissues
A
Groups of similar cells that have a common function.
23
Q
The four tissue types
A
epithelial
connective
muscular
neural
24
Q
The level of structural organization where extremely complex functions become possible.
A
Organ level
25
Organ system level of structural organization
In this level of structural organization, a group of organs work together to accomplish a common purpose.
26
In this level of structural organization, a group of organs work together to accomplish a common purpose.
Organ system level of structural organization
27
How many organ systems make up the human being?
Eleven
28
Organismal level of structural organization
The highest level of structural organization, multiple organ systems function together to make up a living being.
29
The highest level of structural organization, multiple organ systems function together to make up a living being.
Organismal level of structural organization
30
What level is the sum total of all the structural levels working together to keep us alive?
Organismal level
31
What are the eleven organ systems
```
Integumentary
Skeletal
Muscular
Nervous
Endocrine
Cardiovascular
Lymphatic
Respiratory
Digestive
Urinary
Reproductive
```
32
What is the Integumentary System?
It is the external covering of the body, or the skin.
33
Which Organ system is the external covering of the body, or skin?
Integumentary
34
What does the Integumentary System do?
Waterproofs, protects deeper tissue from injury, synthesizes vitamin D, regulates body temperature, location of cutaneous (pain, pressure, etc) receptors and sweat and oil glands.
35
What organ system waterproofs the body?
Integumentary System
36
What organ system protects deeper tissue from injury?
Integumentary System
37
What organ system synthesizes vitamin D?
Integumentary System
38
What organ system regulates body temperature?
Integumentary System
39
What organ system is the location of cutaneous (pain, pressure, etc) receptors and sweat and oil glands?
Integumentary System
40
What does the Skeletal System consist of?
bones, cartilages, ligaments and joints
41
What organ system consists of bones, cartilages, ligaments, and joint?
The skeletal system
42
What does the Skeletal system do?
Protects and supports body organs; provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement; blood cells form within the bones; stores minerals.
43
What organ system protects and supports body organs; provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement; blood cells form within the bones; stores minerals?
The Skeletal System
44
What Organ system supports the body and provides a framework that the skeletal muscles use to cause movement?
The Skeletal System
45
What Organ system has a protective function (such as the skull enclosing and protecting the brain)?
The Skeletal System
46
In What Organ system does Hematopoiesis, formation of blood cells, take place?
The Skeletal System
47
In What Organ system do bones act as storehouses for minerals?
The Skeletal System
48
What hard substance acts as a storehouse for minerals?
bones
49
Hematopoiesis
The formation of blood cells; takes place within the cavities of the skeleton.
50
The formation of blood cells; takes place within the cavities of the skeleton.
Hematopoiesis
51
The only function of muscles
To contract (shorten) which creates movement
52
What has only one function, to contract?
the muscles of the body
53
What can be viewed as the "machines of the body"?
Muscles. When they contract, movement occurs.
54
What contracts to create movement?
Muscles
55
What does the Muscular System allow?
Manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression; maintains posture; produces heat.
56
The mobility of the body as a whole reflects the activity of these, the large, fleshy muscles attached to the bones.
Skeletal muscles
57
What form the Muscular System?
Skeletal muscles
58
What organ system allows manipulation of the environment?
The Muscular System
59
What organ system allows locomotion?
The Muscular System
60
What organ system allows facial expression?
The Muscular System
61
What organ system maintains posture?
The Muscular System
62
What organ system produces heat?
The Muscular System
63
Why do you specify Skeletal Muscles as part of the Muscular System, and not just "muscles"?
Because the Skeletal Muscles of the Muscular System are distinct from the muscles of the heart and of other hollow organs, which move fluids (blood, urine) or other substances (such as food) along definite pathways within the body; they are part of different organ systems.
64
Which organ system is the body's fast-acting control system?
The nervous system
65
What does the Nervous System do?
Fast acting control system of the body; responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands.
66
Which organ system responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands?
The Nervous system
67
What does the Nervous System consist of?
The brain, spinal cord, nerves and sensory receptors.
68
What organ system consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and sensory receptors?
The Nervous System
69
light, sound, and changes in temperature, decreases in oxygen and stretching of tissue are all examples of irritants or stimuli that this organ system responds to
The nervous system
70
Within the nervous system, how do sensory receptors send information to the central nervous system?
via electrical signals called nerve impulses
71
Within the nervous system, what detects changes and sends messages via the nerve impulses to the central nervous system?
sensory receptors
72
what does the body produce as by-products of its normal functions?
waste
73
what is waste a by-product of?
normal functions of the body
74
what results when the body breaks down proteins and nucleic acids?
waste containing nitrogen (like urea and uric acid)
75
waste containing nitrogen (like urea and uric acid) are the results of what?
the body breaking down proteins and nucleic acids
76
what does the urinary system do?
removes the nitrogen-containing wastes from the blood and flushes them from the body in urine; maintains the body's water and salt (electrolyte) balance and regulates the acid-base balance of the blood
77
what system is often called the excretory system?
the urinary system
78
what is another name for the urinary system?
the excretory system
79
what is the Urinary system composed of?
kidneys
ureters
bladder
urethra
80
which body system removes the nitrogen-containing wastes from the blood and flushes them from the body in urine
the urinary system
81
which body system maintains the body's water and salt (electrolyte) balance
the urinary system
82
which body system regulates the acid-base balance of the blood
the urinary system
83
the kidneys are in which body system?
the urinary system
84
the ureters are in which body system?
the urinary system
85
the bladder is in which body system?
the urinary system
86
the urethra is in which body system?
the urinary system
87
which body system exists primarily to produce offspring?
the reproductive system
88
what is the overall function of the reproductive system
to produce offspring
89
what do the testes produce
sperm and male sex hormone
90
what produces sperm and male sex hormone
the testes of the male
91
male reproductive system structures
```
testes
scrotum
penis
prostate gland
duct system (carries sperm to the outside of the body)
```
92
```
testes
scrotum
penis
prostate gland
duct system (carries sperm to the outside of the body)
```
male reproductive system structures
93
what do the ovaries of the female produce?
eggs, or ova, and female sex hormone
94
what produces eggs, or ova, and sex hormone in the female?
ovaries
95
within the reproductive system, what does the female duct system consist of?
the uterine tubes
uterus
vagina
96
what does the uterus provide the site for?
the development of the fetus (immature infant) once fertilization has occurred
97
where does the development of the fetus take place?
the uterus
98
within the reproductive systems, what is the function of the ducts and glands?
aid in the delivery of viable sperm to the female reproductive tract
99
within the reproductive systems, what aids in the delivery of viable sperm to the female reproductive tract
ducts and glands
100
what does the female reproductive system consist of?
```
mammary glands (within the breasts)
uterine tube
ovary
uterus
vagina
```
101
what do the mammary glands of the female breast produce?
milk to nourish the newborn
102
what produces milk in the female reproductive system?
mammary glands
103
what do the uterine tube, uterus and vagina serve as?
sites for fertilization and development of the fetus
104
what serves as sites for the fertilization and development of the fetus?
the uterine tube, uterus and vagina
105
the eight functions humans must perform to maintain life
```
maintain boundaries
move
respond to environmental changes
take in and digest nutrients
carry out metabolism
dispose of wastes
reproduce themselves
grow
```
106
organ systems work together to promote what?
the well-being of the entire body
107
why must every living organism maintain its boundaries?
so that its "inside" remains distinct from its "outside"
108
Maintaining boundaries in terms of cells
every cell is surrounded by an external membrane that contains its contents & allows needed substances in, while preventing the entry of potentially damaging and unnecessary substances
109
Maintaining boundaries in terms of the body as a whole
enclosed by the integumentary system (the skin), which protects internal organs from drying out (fatal), from bacteria, and damage from heat, sunlight and chemical substances in external environment
110
what does movement include (muscular system)?
all the activities promoted by the muscular system (propelling ourselves from one place to another by walking swimming etc., and manipulating the environment with out fingers)
111
what does movement include internally (skeletal, cardiovascular, digestive and urinary)?
muscles pull on bones of the skeletal system while they work, substances such as blood, food, and urine are propelled through the internal organs of the cardiovascular, digestive, and urinary systems
112
what is another name for responsiveness
irritability
113
what is responsiveness (irritability)
the ability to sense changes (stimuli) in the environment and react to them
114
the ability to sense changes (stimuli) in the environment and react to them
responsiveness (irritability)
115
cutting your hand and involuntarily pulling it away from the painful stimulus is an example of what
responsiveness
116
the amount of carbon dioxide rising dangerously high, causing your breathing rate to go up to blow off the excess is an example of what?
responsiveness
117
which body system bears the major responsibility for responsiveness?
the nervous system
118
why does the nervous system bear the major responsibility for responsiveness?
because nerve cells are highly irritable and can communicate rapidly with each other via electrical impulses; all body cells are irritable to some extent
119
what is the process of breaking down ingested food into simple molecule than can then be absorbed into the blood?
digestion
120
what is digestion
the process of breaking down ingested food into simple molecule than can then be absorbed into the blood
121
after digestion, the nutrient-rich blood is distributed to all body cells by which organ system?
the cardiovascular system
122
what does the cardiovascular system do after digestion?
distributes the nutrient-rich blood to all body cells
123
what is the broad term that refers to all chemical reactions that occur within body cells?
metabolism
124
what is metabolism
a broad term that refers to all chemical reactions that occur within body cells
125
what does metabolism include
breaking down complex substances into simpler building blocks
making larger structures from smaller
using nutrients and oxygen to produce molecules of ATP, the energy-rich molecules that power cellular activities
126
how does metabolism depend on the digestive, respiratory and cardiovascular systems?
digestive and respiratory systems make nutrients available to the blood, cardiovascular system distributes the needed substances throughout the body
127
how is metabolism chiefly regulated?
by hormones secreted by the glands of the endocrine system
128
how does the urinary system participate in excretion?
disposes of nitrogen-containing metabolic wastes in urine
129
reproduction
the production of offspring
130
the production of offspring
reproduction
131
what levels of structural organization does reproduction operate in
cellular level in cellular reproduction, organismal level within the reproductive system
132
cellular reproduction
the original cell divides, producing two identical daughter cells that may be then used for growth or repair
133
how is the function of the reproductive system regulated
regulated very precisely by the hormones of the endocrine system
134
increase in size, usually accompanied by an increase in number of cells
growth
135
what must happen on a cellular level for growth to occur?
cell-constructing activities must occur at a faster rate than cell-destroying ones
136
cell-constructing activities must occur at a faster rate than cell-destroying ones for this to occur
growth
137
what, released by the endocrine system, play a major role in directing growth?
hormones
138
hormones released by this organ system play a major role in directing growth
the endocrine system
139
what is the goal of nearly all body systems
to maintain life
140
survival needs
```
nutrients (food)
oxygen
water
appropriate temperature
atmospheric pressure
```
141
```
nutrients (food)
oxygen
water
appropriate temperature
atmospheric pressure
```
survival needs
142
why is the pancreas considered to be a digestive organ?
because it delivers digestive enzymes to the small intestine
143
which organ functions as a digestive organ because it delivers digestive enzymes to the small intestine?
the pancreas
144
because of the bile it produces helps to break down fats, the liver is considered to be a part of this organ system
the digestive system
145
why is the liver considered to be a part of the digestive system?
because of the bile it produces helps to break down fats
146
At what point does the major function of the digestive system become reclaiming water?
after the breakdown activities are completed in the small intestine
147
after the breakdown activities are completed in the small intestine, what is the major function of the digestive system?
to reclaim water
148
within the digestive system, where do the breakdown activities begin and end?
the breakdown activities that begin in the mouth are completed in the small intestine
149
what leaves the body though the anus as feces
undigested food that remains in the digestive tract
150
within the digestive system, what happens to undigested food that remains in the tract?
it leaves the body through the anus as feces
151
what is the role of the organs in the digestive system
to break down food and deliver the products to the blood for dispersal to the body cells
152
```
oral cavity (mouth)
esophagus
stomach
small intestine
large intestine
rectum
ACCESSORY ORGANS:
liver
salivary glands
pancreas
others
```
organs of the digestive system
153
what organs are included in the digestive system?
```
oral cavity (mouth)
esophagus
stomach
small intestine
large intestine
rectum
ACCESSORY ORGANS:
liver
salivary glands
pancreas
others
```
154
what is basically a tube running through the body from mouth to anus
the digestive system
155
the digestive system is basically what?
a tube running through the body from mouth to anus
156
what transported to and from the blood through the tiny air sacs within the lungs
gases
157
through the thin walls of the tiny air sacs within the lungs, what are gases are transported to and from
the blood
158
what is the function of the tiny air sacs within the lungs?
gases are transported to and from the blood through their thin walls
159
within the respiratory system, gases are transported to and from the blood through what?
the thin walls of the tiny air sacs within the lungs
160
respiratory system: where are tiny air sacs?
within the lungs
161
within the respiratory system, where do the gaseous exchanges occur?
through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs
162
within the respiratory system, what occurs through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs?
gaseous exchanges
163
```
nasal passages (nasal cavity)
pharynx
larynx
trachea
bronchi
lungs
```
make up the respiratory system
164
what does the respiratory system consist of?
```
nasal passages (nasal cavity)
pharynx
larynx
trachea
bronchi
lungs
```
165
which organ system is responsible for keeping the body constantly supplied with oxygen and removing carbon dioxide
the respiratory system
166
what is the job of the respiratory system?
to keep the body constantly supplied with oxygen and to remove carbon dioxide
167
what help to cleanse the blood and house cells involved in immunity (like white blood cells)
lymph nodes and other lymphoid organs
168
what do lymph nodes and other lymphoid organs do
help to cleanse the blood and house cells involved in immunity (like white blood cells)
169
what does the lymphatic system do?
picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood; disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream; houses white blood cells involved in immunity
170
what do lymphatic vessels do?
return fluid leaked from the blood back to the blood vessels so that blood can be kept continuously circulating through the body
171
what does the lymphatic system include?
lymphatic vessels
lymph nodes
thoracic duct
lymphatic organs such as spleen and tonsils
172
which organ system does the lymphatic system complement?
the cardiovascular system
173
what do white blood cells do?
protect the body from foreign invaders such as bacteria, toxins and tumor cells
174
what protects the body from foreign invaders such as bacteria, toxins and tumor cells?
white blood cells and chemicals within the blood
175
what does the cardiovascular system do?
carries oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and other substances to and from the tissue cells through blood within blood vessels, pumped by the heart
176
within the cardiovascular system where are exchanges made
tissue cells
177
what system carries oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and other substances to and from the tissue cells where exchanges are made?
the cardiovascular system
178
what propels blood out of its chambers into the blood vessels to be transported to all body tissues
the heart
179
what transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc
blood vessels
180
what does the heart do?
pumps blood; propels blood out of its chambers into the blood vessels to be transported to all body tissues
181
what do the blood vessels do within the cardiovascular system?
transport blood; the blood carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc
182
the heart and blood vessels are the primary organs of which organ system?
cardiovascular
183
what are the primary organs of the cardiovascular system?
heart
| blood vessels
184
the body functions controlled by hormones involve which cells?
every cell in the body
185
what makes the endocrine glands a system?
they all secrete hormones, which regulate other structures--not anatomically connected
186
how is the endocrine system different from the other systems
the endocrine glands are not connected anatomically. Their commonality is they all secrete hormones, which regulate other structures.
187
```
Pineal gland
Pituitary gland
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid
Thymus gland
Adrenal gland
Pancreas
Testis (male)
Ovary (female)
```
the endocrine glands
188
name the endocrine glands
```
Pineal gland
Pituitary gland
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid
Thymus gland
Adrenal gland
Pancreas
Testis (male)
Ovary (female)
```
189
what do endocrine glands produce and what happens?
produce chemical molecules called hormones and release them into the blood to travel to target organs
190
in which body system do glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (food) by body cells
the endocrine system
191
what does the endocrine system do?
glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (food) by body cells
192
which organ system, like the nervous system controls the body activities but acts much more slowly
endocrine system
193
what do nutrients contain?
the chemicals used for energy and cell building
194
what nutrients are the major energy-providing fuel for body cells?
carbohydrates
195
as a nutrient, what do carbohydrates provide?
energy-providing fuel for body cells
196
what nutrients are essential for building cell structures?
proteins and, to a lesser extent, fats
197
as nutrients, what do proteins do?
they are essential for building cell structures
198
as nutrients, what do fats do?
build cell structures
cushion body organs
provide reserve fuel
199
which nutrients cushion body organs and provide reserve fuel?
fats
200
what nutrients are required for the chemical reactions that go on in cells and for oxygen transport in blood?
minerals and vitamins
201
as nutrients, what requires minerals and vitamins?
chemical reactions that go on in cells and for oxygen transport in blood
202
this, human cells can only survive for a few minutes without
oxygen
203
why can human cells only survive a few minutes without oxygen?
because the chemical reactions that occur in the body and release energy from food require oxygen
204
what percent of the air we breathe is oxygen?
20%
205
oxygen is made available to the blood and body cells through the cooperative efforts of these body systems
respiratory and cardiovascular
206
what accounts for 60 to 80 percent of body weight?
water
207
water accounts for what percentage of body weight?
60-80%
208
what is the single most abundant chemical substance in the body?
water
209
what provides the fluid base for body secretions and excretions?
water
210
how do we lose water?
evaporation from the lungs and skin and in body excretions
211
if chemical reactions are to continue at life-sustaining levels, what must be maintained?
normal body temperature
212
all chemical reactions that occur in the body require this
oxygen
213
what happens when body temperature drops below 37 degrees C (98 F)?
metabolic reactions become slower and slower until they finally stop
214
what causes metabolic reactions become slower and slower until they finally stop
body temperature dropping below 37 degrees C (98 F)?
215
what happens when body temperature is too high?
chemical reactions proceed too rapidly and body proteins begin to break down
216
what causes chemical reactions to proceed too rapidly and body proteins to break down
body temperature too high. at extreme, death occurs
217
what is most body heat generated by?
the skeletal muscles
218
the force exerted on the surface of the body by the weight of the air
atmospheric pressure
219
atmospheric pressure
the force exerted on the surface of the body by the weight of the air
220
what depends on appropriate atmospheric pressure?
breathing and the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs
221
what is the risk at high altitudes, where atmospheric pressure is lower?
gas exchange (through breathing) may be too slow to support cellular metabolism
222
why is the mere presence of survival factors not enough? they must also be what?
they must be present in appropriate amounts; excesses and deficits may be equally harmful
223
homeostasis
the body's ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though external conditions are continuously changing
224
the body's ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though external conditions are continuously changing
homeostasis
225
which organ systems play a role in homeostasis?
they all maintain the constancy of the internal environment
226
communication essential for homeostasis is accomplished chiefly by which organ systems?
the nervous and endocrine systems, which use electrical signals delivered by nerves or bloodborne hormones as information carriers
227
the nervous and endocrine systems use electrical signals delivered by nerves or bloodborne hormones for what purpose in homeostasis?
information carriers for communication
228
the factor or event being regulated in homeostasis
variable
229
the variable in homeostasis
the factor or event being regulated
230
what are the three components all homeostatic control mechanisms have?
receptor
control center
effector
231
receptor
control center
effector
the three components all homeostatic control mechanisms have
232
the receptor, in homeostasis
some type of sensor that monitors and responds to changes (stimulus) in the environment (variable)
233
in homeostasis, the sensor that monitors and responds to changes in the environment
receptor
234
describe homeostatic control system
STIMULUS produces change in the VARIABLE;
RECEPTOR detects change; sends INPUT along AFFERENT PATHWAY to CONTROL CENTER which analyzes and determines appropriate response; control center sends OUTPUT along EFFERENT PATHWAY to the EFFECTOR which provides the means to the RESPONSE, which provides the FEED BACK to reduce the effect of the stimulus and returns the variable to a homeostatic level
235
stimulus, in the homeostatic control system
it is the factor or event that produces change in the variable
236
in the homeostatic control system, the factor or event that produces change in the variable
stimulus
237
in the homeostatic control system, the information the receptor sends along the afferent pathway to the control center
input
238
input, in the homeostatic control system
the information the receptor sends along the afferent pathway to the control center
239
the information flow (input) from the receptor to the control center in the homeostatic control system
afferent pathway
240
afferent pathway
the information flow (input) from the receptor to the control center in the homeostatic control system
241
control center
it determines the level (set point) at which the variable is to be maintained, analyzes the info it receives, and determines the appropriate response in the homeostatic control system
242
it determines the level (set point) at which the variable is to be maintained, analyzes the info it receives, and determines the appropriate response in the homeostatic control system
control center
243
effector
provides the means for the control center's response in the homeostatic control system
244
provides the means for the control center's response in the homeostatic control system
effector
245
the information flows from the control center to the effector along this
efferent pathway
246
efferent pathway
the information flows from the control center to the effector along this in the homeostatic control system
247
the response the control center sends to the effector
output, in the homeostatic control system
248
output, in the homeostatic control system
the response the control center sends to the effector
249
feed back, in the homeostatic control system
the response of effector to reduce the effect of the stimulus and return the variable to homeostatic level
250
the response of effector to reduce the effect of the stimulus and return the variable to homeostatic level
feed back
251
negative feedback mechanisms
the response is to shut off the original stimulus; most feedback mechanisms are these
252
in this type of homeostatic control mechanisms, the response is to shut off the original stimulus
negative feedback mechanisms
253
positive feedback mechanisms
the response is to increase the original stimulus and to push the variable farther from its original value; these are rare and typically control infrequent events that occur explosively such as blood clotting and birth
254
in this type of homeostatic control mechanisms, the response is to increase the original stimulus and to push the variable farther from its original value
positive feedback mechanisms
255
these type of homeostatic control mechanisms are rare and typically control infrequent events that occur explosively such as blood clotting and birth
positive feedback mechanisms
256
homeostatic imbalance
where our inner conditions become unstable and subject to disease
257
where our inner conditions become unstable and subject to disease
homeostatic imbalance
258
in homeostasis does it mean conditions in the body are unchanging?
no. means a balance where they change and very but are kept within relatively narrow limits
259
an irregular mass of glandular tissue overlying the heart
thymus
260
thymus: description
an irregular mass of glandular tissue overlying the heart
261
heart: description
medial oval structure that lies between the lungs
262
medial oval structure that lies between the lungs
heart
263
multilobed organs flanking the heart on either side
lungs
264
lungs: description
multilobed organs flanking the heart on either side
265
trachea: description
tubelike "windpipe" running medially down the throat: part of the respiratory system
266
tubelike "windpipe" running medially down the throat: part of the respiratory system
trachea
267
if you follow the trachea into the thoracic cavity it divides into two branches called_________
bronchi
268
two passageways that plunge laterally into the tissues of the two lungs
bronchi
269
bronchi: description
two passageways that plunge laterally into the tissues of the two lungs
270
esophagus: description
a food chute; the part of the digestive system that transports food from the pharynx (throat) to the stomach; posterior to the trachea
271
a food chute; the part of the digestive system that transports food from the pharynx (throat) to the stomach; posterior to the trachea
esophagus
272
a thin muscle attached to the inferior boundary of the rib cage; separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
diaphragm
273
diaphragm: description
a thin muscle attached to the inferior boundary of the rib cage; separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
274
a C-shaped organ important in food digestion and temporary food storage
stomach
275
stomach
a C-shaped organ important in food digestion and temporary food storage
276
a long coiled tube connected to the stomach and ending just before the saclike cecum
small intestine
277
small intestine: description
a long coiled tube connected to the stomach and ending just before the saclike cecum
278
a large muscular tube coiled within the abdomen. begins at the saclike cecum, frames the small intestine, and ends at the rectum. partially covered by the urinary bladder
large intestine
279
large intestine: description
a large muscular tube coiled within the abdomen. begins at the saclike cecum, frames the small intestine, and ends at the rectum. partially covered by the urinary bladder
280
terminal part of the large intestine; continuous with the anal canal
rectum
281
rectum: description
terminal part of the large intestine; continuous with the anal canal
282
the opening of the digestive tract (anal canal) to the exterior
anus
283
anus: description
the opening of the digestive tract (anal canal) to the exterior
284
a delicate membrane; suspends the small intestine in the abdominal cavity. heavily invested with blood vessels and is most likely riddled with fat deposits
mesentary
285
mesentery: description
a delicate membrane; suspends the small intestine in the abdominal cavity. heavily invested with blood vessels and is most likely riddled with fat deposits
286
a diffuse gland: rests posterior to and between the first portion of the small intestine and the stomach
pancreas
287
pancreas: description
a diffuse gland: rests posterior to and between the first portion of the small intestine and the stomach
288
a dark red organ curving around the left lateral side of the stomach; considered to be part of the lymphatic system.
spleen
289
spleen: description
a dark red organ curving around the left lateral side of the stomach; considered to be part of the lymphatic system.
290
large and brownish red; the most superior organ in the abdominal cavity, directly inferior to the diaphragm
liver
291
liver: description
large and brownish red; the most superior organ in the abdominal cavity, directly inferior to the diaphragm
292
bean-shaped organs; secured to the posterior wall of the body trunk
kidneys
293
kidneys: description
bean-shaped organs; secured to the posterior wall of the body trunk
294
large glands that sit on the superior margin of each kidney; considered part of the endocrine system
adrenal glands
295
adrenal glands: description
large glands that sit on the superior margin of each kidney; considered part of the endocrine system
296
tube running from the indented region of a kidney to the urinary bladder
ureter
297
ureter: description
tube running from the indented region of a kidney to the urinary bladder
298
the sac in the pelvis that serves as a reservoir for urine
urinary bladder
299
urinary bladder: description
the sac in the pelvis that serves as a reservoir for urine
300
the two principle abdominal blood vessels
inferior vena cava
| descending aorta
301
the large vein that returns blood to the heart from the lower regions of the body
inferior vena cava
302
inferior vena cava
the large vein that returns blood to the heart from the lower regions of the body
303
artery deep to the inferior vena cava
descending aorta
304
the largest artery of the body
descending aorta
305
carries blood away from the heart down the midline of the body
descending aorta
306
descending aorta
deep to the inferior vena cava;
the largest artery of the body;
carries blood away from the heart down the midline of the body
307
organs in the dorsal body cavity
brain
| spinal cord
308
organs in the thoracic body cavity
```
heart
lungs
bronchi
trachea
esophagus
diaphragm
thyroid gland
```
309
organs in the abdominopelvic cavity
```
liver
gall bladder
stomach
pancreas
spleen
small intestine
large intestine
rectum
kidneys
ureters
bladder
adrenal gland
uterus
descending aorta
inferior vena cava
```
