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Anatomy & Physiology > 1 The Human Body: An Orientation > Flashcards

1 The Human Body: An Orientation Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy

A

The study of the structure and shape of the body and it’s parts and their relationship to each other.

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2
Q

The study of how the body and it’s parts work or function

A

Physiology

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3
Q

Physiology

A

The study of how the body and it’s parts work or function

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4
Q

Groups of similar cells that have a common function.

A

Tissues

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5
Q

Why you study anatomy and physiology together

A

Anatomy and physiology are related. The structure determines what functions can take place.

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6
Q

The six levels of structural organization of the human body

A 
chemical level
cellular level
tissue level
organ level
organ system level
organismal level
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7
Q 
chemical level
cellular level
tissue level
organ level
organ system level
organismal level
A

The six levels of structural organization of the human body

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8
Q

Chemical level of structural organization

A

The simplest level of structural organization; atoms combine to form molecules, such as water sugar, and proteins.

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9
Q

The simplest level of structural organization; atoms combine to form molecules, such as water sugar, and proteins.

A

Chemical level of structural organization

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10
Q

The study of the structure and shape of the body and it’s parts and their relationship to each other.

A

Anatomy

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11
Q

In this level of structural organization, Molecules associate in specific ways to form cells.

A

Cellular level of structural organization

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12
Q

Cellular level of structural organization

A

In this level of structural organization, Molecules associate in specific ways to form cells.

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13
Q

The smallest units of all living things

A

Cells

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14
Q

The building blocks of matter

A

Atoms

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15
Q

Tissue level of structural organization

A

In this level of structural organization, Tissues consist of groups of similar cells that have a common function.

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16
Q

In this level of structural organization, groups of similar cells that have a common function.

A

Tissue level of structural organization

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17
Q

Organ level of structural organization

A

In this level of structural organization, different tissue types combine to make organs.

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18
Q

In this level of structural organization, different tissue types combine to make organs.

A

Organ level of structural organization

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19
Q

A structure composed of two or more tissue types that perform a specific function for the body.

A

An organ

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20
Q

Organ

A

A structure composed of two or more tissue types that perform a specific function for the body.

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21
Q

Atoms

A

The building blocks of matter

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22
Q

Tissues

A

Groups of similar cells that have a common function.

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23
Q

The four tissue types

A

epithelial
connective
muscular
neural

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24
Q

The level of structural organization where extremely complex functions become possible.

A

Organ level

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25
Q

Organ system level of structural organization

A

In this level of structural organization, a group of organs work together to accomplish a common purpose.

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26
Q

In this level of structural organization, a group of organs work together to accomplish a common purpose.

A

Organ system level of structural organization

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27
Q

How many organ systems make up the human being?

A

Eleven

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28
Q

Organismal level of structural organization

A

The highest level of structural organization, multiple organ systems function together to make up a living being.

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29
Q

The highest level of structural organization, multiple organ systems function together to make up a living being.

A

Organismal level of structural organization

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30
Q

What level is the sum total of all the structural levels working together to keep us alive?

A

Organismal level

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31
Q

What are the eleven organ systems

A 
Integumentary 
Skeletal 
Muscular 
Nervous 
Endocrine 
Cardiovascular 
Lymphatic
Respiratory
Digestive
Urinary
Reproductive
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32
Q

What is the Integumentary System?

A

It is the external covering of the body, or the skin.

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33
Q

Which Organ system is the external covering of the body, or skin?

A

Integumentary

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34
Q

What does the Integumentary System do?

A

Waterproofs, protects deeper tissue from injury, synthesizes vitamin D, regulates body temperature, location of cutaneous (pain, pressure, etc) receptors and sweat and oil glands.

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35
Q

What organ system waterproofs the body?

A

Integumentary System

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36
Q

What organ system protects deeper tissue from injury?

A

Integumentary System

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37
Q

What organ system synthesizes vitamin D?

A

Integumentary System

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38
Q

What organ system regulates body temperature?

A

Integumentary System

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39
Q

What organ system is the location of cutaneous (pain, pressure, etc) receptors and sweat and oil glands?

A

Integumentary System

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40
Q

What does the Skeletal System consist of?

A

bones, cartilages, ligaments and joints

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41
Q

What organ system consists of bones, cartilages, ligaments, and joint?

A

The skeletal system

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42
Q

What does the Skeletal system do?

A

Protects and supports body organs; provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement; blood cells form within the bones; stores minerals.

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43
Q

What organ system protects and supports body organs; provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement; blood cells form within the bones; stores minerals?

A

The Skeletal System

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44
Q

What Organ system supports the body and provides a framework that the skeletal muscles use to cause movement?

A

The Skeletal System

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45
Q

What Organ system has a protective function (such as the skull enclosing and protecting the brain)?

A

The Skeletal System

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46
Q

In What Organ system does Hematopoiesis, formation of blood cells, take place?

A

The Skeletal System

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47
Q

In What Organ system do bones act as storehouses for minerals?

A

The Skeletal System

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48
Q

What hard substance acts as a storehouse for minerals?

A

bones

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49
Q

Hematopoiesis

A

The formation of blood cells; takes place within the cavities of the skeleton.

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50
Q

The formation of blood cells; takes place within the cavities of the skeleton.

A

Hematopoiesis

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51
Q

The only function of muscles

A

To contract (shorten) which creates movement

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52
Q

What has only one function, to contract?

A

the muscles of the body

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53
Q

What can be viewed as the “machines of the body”?

A

Muscles. When they contract, movement occurs.

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54
Q

What contracts to create movement?

A

Muscles

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55
Q

What does the Muscular System allow?

A

Manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression; maintains posture; produces heat.

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56
Q

The mobility of the body as a whole reflects the activity of these, the large, fleshy muscles attached to the bones.

A

Skeletal muscles

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57
Q

What form the Muscular System?

A

Skeletal muscles

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58
Q

What organ system allows manipulation of the environment?

A

The Muscular System

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59
Q

What organ system allows locomotion?

A

The Muscular System

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60
Q

What organ system allows facial expression?

A

The Muscular System

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61
Q

What organ system maintains posture?

A

The Muscular System

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62
Q

What organ system produces heat?

A

The Muscular System

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63
Q

Why do you specify Skeletal Muscles as part of the Muscular System, and not just “muscles”?

A

Because the Skeletal Muscles of the Muscular System are distinct from the muscles of the heart and of other hollow organs, which move fluids (blood, urine) or other substances (such as food) along definite pathways within the body; they are part of different organ systems.

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64
Q

Which organ system is the body’s fast-acting control system?

A

The nervous system

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65
Q

What does the Nervous System do?

A

Fast acting control system of the body; responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands.

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66
Q

Which organ system responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands?

A

The Nervous system

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67
Q

What does the Nervous System consist of?

A

The brain, spinal cord, nerves and sensory receptors.

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68
Q

What organ system consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and sensory receptors?

A

The Nervous System

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69
Q

light, sound, and changes in temperature, decreases in oxygen and stretching of tissue are all examples of irritants or stimuli that this organ system responds to

A

The nervous system

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70
Q

Within the nervous system, how do sensory receptors send information to the central nervous system?

A

via electrical signals called nerve impulses

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71
Q

Within the nervous system, what detects changes and sends messages via the nerve impulses to the central nervous system?

A

sensory receptors

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72
Q

what does the body produce as by-products of its normal functions?

A

waste

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73
Q

what is waste a by-product of?

A

normal functions of the body

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74
Q

what results when the body breaks down proteins and nucleic acids?

A

waste containing nitrogen (like urea and uric acid)

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75
Q

waste containing nitrogen (like urea and uric acid) are the results of what?

A

the body breaking down proteins and nucleic acids

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76
Q

what does the urinary system do?

A

removes the nitrogen-containing wastes from the blood and flushes them from the body in urine; maintains the body’s water and salt (electrolyte) balance and regulates the acid-base balance of the blood

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77
Q

what system is often called the excretory system?

A

the urinary system

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78
Q

what is another name for the urinary system?

A

the excretory system

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79
Q

what is the Urinary system composed of?

A

kidneys
ureters
bladder
urethra

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80
Q

which body system removes the nitrogen-containing wastes from the blood and flushes them from the body in urine

A

the urinary system

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81
Q

which body system maintains the body’s water and salt (electrolyte) balance

A

the urinary system

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82
Q

which body system regulates the acid-base balance of the blood

A

the urinary system

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83
Q

the kidneys are in which body system?

A

the urinary system

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84
Q

the ureters are in which body system?

A

the urinary system

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85
Q

the bladder is in which body system?

A

the urinary system

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86
Q

the urethra is in which body system?

A

the urinary system

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87
Q

which body system exists primarily to produce offspring?

A

the reproductive system

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88
Q

what is the overall function of the reproductive system

A

to produce offspring

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89
Q

what do the testes produce

A

sperm and male sex hormone

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90
Q

what produces sperm and male sex hormone

A

the testes of the male

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91
Q

male reproductive system structures

A 
testes
scrotum
penis
prostate gland
duct system (carries sperm to the outside of the body)
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92
Q 
testes
scrotum
penis
prostate gland
duct system (carries sperm to the outside of the body)
A

male reproductive system structures

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93
Q

what do the ovaries of the female produce?

A

eggs, or ova, and female sex hormone

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94
Q

what produces eggs, or ova, and sex hormone in the female?

A

ovaries

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95
Q

within the reproductive system, what does the female duct system consist of?

A

the uterine tubes
uterus
vagina

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96
Q

what does the uterus provide the site for?

A

the development of the fetus (immature infant) once fertilization has occurred

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97
Q

where does the development of the fetus take place?

A

the uterus

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98
Q

within the reproductive systems, what is the function of the ducts and glands?

A

aid in the delivery of viable sperm to the female reproductive tract

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99
Q

within the reproductive systems, what aids in the delivery of viable sperm to the female reproductive tract

A

ducts and glands

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100
Q

what does the female reproductive system consist of?

A 
mammary glands (within the breasts)
uterine tube
ovary
uterus
vagina
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101
Q

what do the mammary glands of the female breast produce?

A

milk to nourish the newborn

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102
Q

what produces milk in the female reproductive system?

A

mammary glands

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103
Q

what do the uterine tube, uterus and vagina serve as?

A

sites for fertilization and development of the fetus

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104
Q

what serves as sites for the fertilization and development of the fetus?

A

the uterine tube, uterus and vagina

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105
Q

the eight functions humans must perform to maintain life

A 
maintain boundaries
move
respond to environmental changes
take in and digest nutrients
carry out metabolism
dispose of wastes
reproduce themselves
grow
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106
Q

organ systems work together to promote what?

A

the well-being of the entire body

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107
Q

why must every living organism maintain its boundaries?

A

so that its “inside” remains distinct from its “outside”

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108
Q

Maintaining boundaries in terms of cells

A

every cell is surrounded by an external membrane that contains its contents & allows needed substances in, while preventing the entry of potentially damaging and unnecessary substances

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109
Q

Maintaining boundaries in terms of the body as a whole

A

enclosed by the integumentary system (the skin), which protects internal organs from drying out (fatal), from bacteria, and damage from heat, sunlight and chemical substances in external environment

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110
Q

what does movement include (muscular system)?

A

all the activities promoted by the muscular system (propelling ourselves from one place to another by walking swimming etc., and manipulating the environment with out fingers)

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111
Q

what does movement include internally (skeletal, cardiovascular, digestive and urinary)?

A

muscles pull on bones of the skeletal system while they work, substances such as blood, food, and urine are propelled through the internal organs of the cardiovascular, digestive, and urinary systems

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112
Q

what is another name for responsiveness

A

irritability

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113
Q

what is responsiveness (irritability)

A

the ability to sense changes (stimuli) in the environment and react to them

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114
Q

the ability to sense changes (stimuli) in the environment and react to them

A

responsiveness (irritability)

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115
Q

cutting your hand and involuntarily pulling it away from the painful stimulus is an example of what

A

responsiveness

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116
Q

the amount of carbon dioxide rising dangerously high, causing your breathing rate to go up to blow off the excess is an example of what?

A

responsiveness

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117
Q

which body system bears the major responsibility for responsiveness?

A

the nervous system

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118
Q

why does the nervous system bear the major responsibility for responsiveness?

A

because nerve cells are highly irritable and can communicate rapidly with each other via electrical impulses; all body cells are irritable to some extent

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119
Q

what is the process of breaking down ingested food into simple molecule than can then be absorbed into the blood?

A

digestion

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120
Q

what is digestion

A

the process of breaking down ingested food into simple molecule than can then be absorbed into the blood

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121
Q

after digestion, the nutrient-rich blood is distributed to all body cells by which organ system?

A

the cardiovascular system

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122
Q

what does the cardiovascular system do after digestion?

A

distributes the nutrient-rich blood to all body cells

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123
Q

what is the broad term that refers to all chemical reactions that occur within body cells?

A

metabolism

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124
Q

what is metabolism

A

a broad term that refers to all chemical reactions that occur within body cells

125
Q

what does metabolism include

A

breaking down complex substances into simpler building blocks
making larger structures from smaller
using nutrients and oxygen to produce molecules of ATP, the energy-rich molecules that power cellular activities

126
Q

how does metabolism depend on the digestive, respiratory and cardiovascular systems?

A

digestive and respiratory systems make nutrients available to the blood, cardiovascular system distributes the needed substances throughout the body

127
Q

how is metabolism chiefly regulated?

A

by hormones secreted by the glands of the endocrine system

128
Q

how does the urinary system participate in excretion?

A

disposes of nitrogen-containing metabolic wastes in urine

129
Q

reproduction

A

the production of offspring

130
Q

the production of offspring

A

reproduction

131
Q

what levels of structural organization does reproduction operate in

A

cellular level in cellular reproduction, organismal level within the reproductive system

132
Q

cellular reproduction

A

the original cell divides, producing two identical daughter cells that may be then used for growth or repair

133
Q

how is the function of the reproductive system regulated

A

regulated very precisely by the hormones of the endocrine system

134
Q

increase in size, usually accompanied by an increase in number of cells

A

growth

135
Q

what must happen on a cellular level for growth to occur?

A

cell-constructing activities must occur at a faster rate than cell-destroying ones

136
Q

cell-constructing activities must occur at a faster rate than cell-destroying ones for this to occur

A

growth

137
Q

what, released by the endocrine system, play a major role in directing growth?

A

hormones

138
Q

hormones released by this organ system play a major role in directing growth

A

the endocrine system

139
Q

what is the goal of nearly all body systems

A

to maintain life

140
Q

survival needs

A 
nutrients (food)
oxygen
water
appropriate temperature
atmospheric pressure
141
Q 
nutrients (food)
oxygen
water
appropriate temperature
atmospheric pressure
A

survival needs

142
Q

why is the pancreas considered to be a digestive organ?

A

because it delivers digestive enzymes to the small intestine

143
Q

which organ functions as a digestive organ because it delivers digestive enzymes to the small intestine?

A

the pancreas

144
Q

because of the bile it produces helps to break down fats, the liver is considered to be a part of this organ system

A

the digestive system

145
Q

why is the liver considered to be a part of the digestive system?

A

because of the bile it produces helps to break down fats

146
Q

At what point does the major function of the digestive system become reclaiming water?

A

after the breakdown activities are completed in the small intestine

147
Q

after the breakdown activities are completed in the small intestine, what is the major function of the digestive system?

A

to reclaim water

148
Q

within the digestive system, where do the breakdown activities begin and end?

A

the breakdown activities that begin in the mouth are completed in the small intestine

149
Q

what leaves the body though the anus as feces

A

undigested food that remains in the digestive tract

150
Q

within the digestive system, what happens to undigested food that remains in the tract?

A

it leaves the body through the anus as feces

151
Q

what is the role of the organs in the digestive system

A

to break down food and deliver the products to the blood for dispersal to the body cells

152
Q 
oral cavity (mouth)
esophagus
stomach
small intestine
large intestine
rectum
ACCESSORY ORGANS:  
     liver
     salivary glands
     pancreas
     others
A

organs of the digestive system

153
Q

what organs are included in the digestive system?

A 
oral cavity (mouth)
esophagus
stomach
small intestine
large intestine
rectum
ACCESSORY ORGANS:  
     liver
     salivary glands
     pancreas
     others
154
Q

what is basically a tube running through the body from mouth to anus

A

the digestive system

155
Q

the digestive system is basically what?

A

a tube running through the body from mouth to anus

156
Q

what transported to and from the blood through the tiny air sacs within the lungs

A

gases

157
Q

through the thin walls of the tiny air sacs within the lungs, what are gases are transported to and from

A

the blood

158
Q

what is the function of the tiny air sacs within the lungs?

A

gases are transported to and from the blood through their thin walls

159
Q

within the respiratory system, gases are transported to and from the blood through what?

A

the thin walls of the tiny air sacs within the lungs

160
Q

respiratory system: where are tiny air sacs?

A

within the lungs

161
Q

within the respiratory system, where do the gaseous exchanges occur?

A

through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs

162
Q

within the respiratory system, what occurs through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs?

A

gaseous exchanges

163
Q 
nasal passages (nasal cavity)
pharynx
larynx
trachea
bronchi
lungs
A

make up the respiratory system

164
Q

what does the respiratory system consist of?

A 
nasal passages (nasal cavity)
pharynx
larynx
trachea
bronchi
lungs
165
Q

which organ system is responsible for keeping the body constantly supplied with oxygen and removing carbon dioxide

A

the respiratory system

166
Q

what is the job of the respiratory system?

A

to keep the body constantly supplied with oxygen and to remove carbon dioxide

167
Q

what help to cleanse the blood and house cells involved in immunity (like white blood cells)

A

lymph nodes and other lymphoid organs

168
Q

what do lymph nodes and other lymphoid organs do

A

help to cleanse the blood and house cells involved in immunity (like white blood cells)

169
Q

what does the lymphatic system do?

A

picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood; disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream; houses white blood cells involved in immunity

170
Q

what do lymphatic vessels do?

A

return fluid leaked from the blood back to the blood vessels so that blood can be kept continuously circulating through the body

171
Q

what does the lymphatic system include?

A

lymphatic vessels
lymph nodes
thoracic duct
lymphatic organs such as spleen and tonsils

172
Q

which organ system does the lymphatic system complement?

A

the cardiovascular system

173
Q

what do white blood cells do?

A

protect the body from foreign invaders such as bacteria, toxins and tumor cells

174
Q

what protects the body from foreign invaders such as bacteria, toxins and tumor cells?

A

white blood cells and chemicals within the blood

175
Q

what does the cardiovascular system do?

A

carries oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and other substances to and from the tissue cells through blood within blood vessels, pumped by the heart

176
Q

within the cardiovascular system where are exchanges made

A

tissue cells

177
Q

what system carries oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and other substances to and from the tissue cells where exchanges are made?

A

the cardiovascular system

178
Q

what propels blood out of its chambers into the blood vessels to be transported to all body tissues

A

the heart

179
Q

what transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc

A

blood vessels

180
Q

what does the heart do?

A

pumps blood; propels blood out of its chambers into the blood vessels to be transported to all body tissues

181
Q

what do the blood vessels do within the cardiovascular system?

A

transport blood; the blood carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc

182
Q

the heart and blood vessels are the primary organs of which organ system?

A

cardiovascular

183
Q

what are the primary organs of the cardiovascular system?

A

heart

blood vessels

184
Q

the body functions controlled by hormones involve which cells?

A

every cell in the body

185
Q

what makes the endocrine glands a system?

A

they all secrete hormones, which regulate other structures–not anatomically connected

186
Q

how is the endocrine system different from the other systems

A

the endocrine glands are not connected anatomically. Their commonality is they all secrete hormones, which regulate other structures.

187
Q 
Pineal gland
Pituitary gland
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid
Thymus gland
Adrenal gland
Pancreas
Testis (male)
Ovary (female)
A

the endocrine glands

188
Q

name the endocrine glands

A 
Pineal gland
Pituitary gland
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid
Thymus gland
Adrenal gland
Pancreas
Testis (male)
Ovary (female)
189
Q

what do endocrine glands produce and what happens?

A

produce chemical molecules called hormones and release them into the blood to travel to target organs

190
Q

in which body system do glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (food) by body cells

A

the endocrine system

191
Q

what does the endocrine system do?

A

glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (food) by body cells

192
Q

which organ system, like the nervous system controls the body activities but acts much more slowly

A

endocrine system

193
Q

what do nutrients contain?

A

the chemicals used for energy and cell building

194
Q

what nutrients are the major energy-providing fuel for body cells?

A

carbohydrates

195
Q

as a nutrient, what do carbohydrates provide?

A

energy-providing fuel for body cells

196
Q

what nutrients are essential for building cell structures?

A

proteins and, to a lesser extent, fats

197
Q

as nutrients, what do proteins do?

A

they are essential for building cell structures

198
Q

as nutrients, what do fats do?

A

build cell structures
cushion body organs
provide reserve fuel

199
Q

which nutrients cushion body organs and provide reserve fuel?

A

fats

200
Q

what nutrients are required for the chemical reactions that go on in cells and for oxygen transport in blood?

A

minerals and vitamins

201
Q

as nutrients, what requires minerals and vitamins?

A

chemical reactions that go on in cells and for oxygen transport in blood

202
Q

this, human cells can only survive for a few minutes without

A

oxygen

203
Q

why can human cells only survive a few minutes without oxygen?

A

because the chemical reactions that occur in the body and release energy from food require oxygen

204
Q

what percent of the air we breathe is oxygen?

A

20%

205
Q

oxygen is made available to the blood and body cells through the cooperative efforts of these body systems

A

respiratory and cardiovascular

206
Q

what accounts for 60 to 80 percent of body weight?

A

water

207
Q

water accounts for what percentage of body weight?

A

60-80%

208
Q

what is the single most abundant chemical substance in the body?

A

water

209
Q

what provides the fluid base for body secretions and excretions?

A

water

210
Q

how do we lose water?

A

evaporation from the lungs and skin and in body excretions

211
Q

if chemical reactions are to continue at life-sustaining levels, what must be maintained?

A

normal body temperature

212
Q

all chemical reactions that occur in the body require this

A

oxygen

213
Q

what happens when body temperature drops below 37 degrees C (98 F)?

A

metabolic reactions become slower and slower until they finally stop

214
Q

what causes metabolic reactions become slower and slower until they finally stop

A

body temperature dropping below 37 degrees C (98 F)?

215
Q

what happens when body temperature is too high?

A

chemical reactions proceed too rapidly and body proteins begin to break down

216
Q

what causes chemical reactions to proceed too rapidly and body proteins to break down

A

body temperature too high. at extreme, death occurs

217
Q

what is most body heat generated by?

A

the skeletal muscles

218
Q

the force exerted on the surface of the body by the weight of the air

A

atmospheric pressure

219
Q

atmospheric pressure

A

the force exerted on the surface of the body by the weight of the air

220
Q

what depends on appropriate atmospheric pressure?

A

breathing and the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs

221
Q

what is the risk at high altitudes, where atmospheric pressure is lower?

A

gas exchange (through breathing) may be too slow to support cellular metabolism

222
Q

why is the mere presence of survival factors not enough? they must also be what?

A

they must be present in appropriate amounts; excesses and deficits may be equally harmful

223
Q

homeostasis

A

the body’s ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though external conditions are continuously changing

224
Q

the body’s ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though external conditions are continuously changing

A

homeostasis

225
Q

which organ systems play a role in homeostasis?

A

they all maintain the constancy of the internal environment

226
Q

communication essential for homeostasis is accomplished chiefly by which organ systems?

A

the nervous and endocrine systems, which use electrical signals delivered by nerves or bloodborne hormones as information carriers

227
Q

the nervous and endocrine systems use electrical signals delivered by nerves or bloodborne hormones for what purpose in homeostasis?

A

information carriers for communication

228
Q

the factor or event being regulated in homeostasis

A

variable

229
Q

the variable in homeostasis

A

the factor or event being regulated

230
Q

what are the three components all homeostatic control mechanisms have?

A

receptor
control center
effector

231
Q

receptor
control center
effector

A

the three components all homeostatic control mechanisms have

232
Q

the receptor, in homeostasis

A

some type of sensor that monitors and responds to changes (stimulus) in the environment (variable)

233
Q

in homeostasis, the sensor that monitors and responds to changes in the environment

A

receptor

234
Q

describe homeostatic control system

A

STIMULUS produces change in the VARIABLE;
RECEPTOR detects change; sends INPUT along AFFERENT PATHWAY to CONTROL CENTER which analyzes and determines appropriate response; control center sends OUTPUT along EFFERENT PATHWAY to the EFFECTOR which provides the means to the RESPONSE, which provides the FEED BACK to reduce the effect of the stimulus and returns the variable to a homeostatic level

235
Q

stimulus, in the homeostatic control system

A

it is the factor or event that produces change in the variable

236
Q

in the homeostatic control system, the factor or event that produces change in the variable

A

stimulus

237
Q

in the homeostatic control system, the information the receptor sends along the afferent pathway to the control center

A

input

238
Q

input, in the homeostatic control system

A

the information the receptor sends along the afferent pathway to the control center

239
Q

the information flow (input) from the receptor to the control center in the homeostatic control system

A

afferent pathway

240
Q

afferent pathway

A

the information flow (input) from the receptor to the control center in the homeostatic control system

241
Q

control center

A

it determines the level (set point) at which the variable is to be maintained, analyzes the info it receives, and determines the appropriate response in the homeostatic control system

242
Q

it determines the level (set point) at which the variable is to be maintained, analyzes the info it receives, and determines the appropriate response in the homeostatic control system

A

control center

243
Q

effector

A

provides the means for the control center’s response in the homeostatic control system

244
Q

provides the means for the control center’s response in the homeostatic control system

A

effector

245
Q

the information flows from the control center to the effector along this

A

efferent pathway

246
Q

efferent pathway

A

the information flows from the control center to the effector along this in the homeostatic control system

247
Q

the response the control center sends to the effector

A

output, in the homeostatic control system

248
Q

output, in the homeostatic control system

A

the response the control center sends to the effector

249
Q

feed back, in the homeostatic control system

A

the response of effector to reduce the effect of the stimulus and return the variable to homeostatic level

250
Q

the response of effector to reduce the effect of the stimulus and return the variable to homeostatic level

A

feed back

251
Q

negative feedback mechanisms

A

the response is to shut off the original stimulus; most feedback mechanisms are these

252
Q

in this type of homeostatic control mechanisms, the response is to shut off the original stimulus

A

negative feedback mechanisms

253
Q

positive feedback mechanisms

A

the response is to increase the original stimulus and to push the variable farther from its original value; these are rare and typically control infrequent events that occur explosively such as blood clotting and birth

254
Q

in this type of homeostatic control mechanisms, the response is to increase the original stimulus and to push the variable farther from its original value

A

positive feedback mechanisms

255
Q

these type of homeostatic control mechanisms are rare and typically control infrequent events that occur explosively such as blood clotting and birth

A

positive feedback mechanisms

256
Q

homeostatic imbalance

A

where our inner conditions become unstable and subject to disease

257
Q

where our inner conditions become unstable and subject to disease

A

homeostatic imbalance

258
Q

in homeostasis does it mean conditions in the body are unchanging?

A

no. means a balance where they change and very but are kept within relatively narrow limits

259
Q

an irregular mass of glandular tissue overlying the heart

A

thymus

260
Q

thymus: description

A

an irregular mass of glandular tissue overlying the heart

261
Q

heart: description

A

medial oval structure that lies between the lungs

262
Q

medial oval structure that lies between the lungs

A

heart

263
Q

multilobed organs flanking the heart on either side

A

lungs

264
Q

lungs: description

A

multilobed organs flanking the heart on either side

265
Q

trachea: description

A

tubelike “windpipe” running medially down the throat: part of the respiratory system

266
Q

tubelike “windpipe” running medially down the throat: part of the respiratory system

A

trachea

267
Q

if you follow the trachea into the thoracic cavity it divides into two branches called_________

A

bronchi

268
Q

two passageways that plunge laterally into the tissues of the two lungs

A

bronchi

269
Q

bronchi: description

A

two passageways that plunge laterally into the tissues of the two lungs

270
Q

esophagus: description

A

a food chute; the part of the digestive system that transports food from the pharynx (throat) to the stomach; posterior to the trachea

271
Q

a food chute; the part of the digestive system that transports food from the pharynx (throat) to the stomach; posterior to the trachea

A

esophagus

272
Q

a thin muscle attached to the inferior boundary of the rib cage; separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

A

diaphragm

273
Q

diaphragm: description

A

a thin muscle attached to the inferior boundary of the rib cage; separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

274
Q

a C-shaped organ important in food digestion and temporary food storage

A

stomach

275
Q

stomach

A

a C-shaped organ important in food digestion and temporary food storage

276
Q

a long coiled tube connected to the stomach and ending just before the saclike cecum

A

small intestine

277
Q

small intestine: description

A

a long coiled tube connected to the stomach and ending just before the saclike cecum

278
Q

a large muscular tube coiled within the abdomen. begins at the saclike cecum, frames the small intestine, and ends at the rectum. partially covered by the urinary bladder

A

large intestine

279
Q

large intestine: description

A

a large muscular tube coiled within the abdomen. begins at the saclike cecum, frames the small intestine, and ends at the rectum. partially covered by the urinary bladder

280
Q

terminal part of the large intestine; continuous with the anal canal

A

rectum

281
Q

rectum: description

A

terminal part of the large intestine; continuous with the anal canal

282
Q

the opening of the digestive tract (anal canal) to the exterior

A

anus

283
Q

anus: description

A

the opening of the digestive tract (anal canal) to the exterior

284
Q

a delicate membrane; suspends the small intestine in the abdominal cavity. heavily invested with blood vessels and is most likely riddled with fat deposits

A

mesentary

285
Q

mesentery: description

A

a delicate membrane; suspends the small intestine in the abdominal cavity. heavily invested with blood vessels and is most likely riddled with fat deposits

286
Q

a diffuse gland: rests posterior to and between the first portion of the small intestine and the stomach

A

pancreas

287
Q

pancreas: description

A

a diffuse gland: rests posterior to and between the first portion of the small intestine and the stomach

288
Q

a dark red organ curving around the left lateral side of the stomach; considered to be part of the lymphatic system.

A

spleen

289
Q

spleen: description

A

a dark red organ curving around the left lateral side of the stomach; considered to be part of the lymphatic system.

290
Q

large and brownish red; the most superior organ in the abdominal cavity, directly inferior to the diaphragm

A

liver

291
Q

liver: description

A

large and brownish red; the most superior organ in the abdominal cavity, directly inferior to the diaphragm

292
Q

bean-shaped organs; secured to the posterior wall of the body trunk

A

kidneys

293
Q

kidneys: description

A

bean-shaped organs; secured to the posterior wall of the body trunk

294
Q

large glands that sit on the superior margin of each kidney; considered part of the endocrine system

A

adrenal glands

295
Q

adrenal glands: description

A

large glands that sit on the superior margin of each kidney; considered part of the endocrine system

296
Q

tube running from the indented region of a kidney to the urinary bladder

A

ureter

297
Q

ureter: description

A

tube running from the indented region of a kidney to the urinary bladder

298
Q

the sac in the pelvis that serves as a reservoir for urine

A

urinary bladder

299
Q

urinary bladder: description

A

the sac in the pelvis that serves as a reservoir for urine

300
Q

the two principle abdominal blood vessels

A

inferior vena cava

descending aorta

301
Q

the large vein that returns blood to the heart from the lower regions of the body

A

inferior vena cava

302
Q

inferior vena cava

A

the large vein that returns blood to the heart from the lower regions of the body

303
Q

artery deep to the inferior vena cava

A

descending aorta

304
Q

the largest artery of the body

A

descending aorta

305
Q

carries blood away from the heart down the midline of the body

A

descending aorta

306
Q

descending aorta

A

deep to the inferior vena cava;
the largest artery of the body;
carries blood away from the heart down the midline of the body

307
Q

organs in the dorsal body cavity

A

brain

spinal cord

308
Q

organs in the thoracic body cavity

A 
heart
lungs
bronchi
trachea
esophagus
diaphragm
thyroid gland
309
Q

organs in the abdominopelvic cavity

A 
liver
gall bladder
stomach
pancreas
spleen
small intestine
large intestine
rectum
kidneys
ureters
bladder
adrenal gland
uterus
descending aorta
inferior vena cava

Anatomy & Physiology (13 decks)

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