5 Axial Skeleton Flashcards
how can the Axial skeleton be divided?
skull
vertebral column
thoracic cage
What are the sets of bones the skull is formed by?
Cranium
Facial bones
Cranium
part of the skull; encloses and protects the fragile brain tissue
part of the skull; encloses and protects the fragile brain tissue
Cranium
facial bones
part of the skull; hold the eyes in an anterior position; allow facial muscles to show expressions
part of the skull; hold the eyes in an anterior position; allow facial muscles to show expressions
facial bones
what are all but one of the bones of the skull joined together by?
sutures
sutures
interlocking, immovable joints
interlocking, immovable joints
sutures
what bone of the skull isn’t joined by a suture?
mandible; attached to the rest of the skull by a freely movable joint
Bones of the cranium: how many & single or double?
8 bones
2 paired; 4 single
Bones of the Cranium
Frontal Parietal - 2 Temporal - 2 Occipital Sphenoid Ethmoid
Calvaria
skull cap; upper part of Cranium
skull cap; upper part of Cranium
Calvaria
Frontal Bone
anterior portion of the cranium; forms the anterior part of the cranial floor; forms the forehead, the bony projections under the eyebrows, and the superior part of each eye’s orbit
Parietal bones
The pair form most of the superior and lateral walls of the cranium. They meet in the midline of the skull at the sagittal suture and form the coronal suture, where they meet the frontal bone.
forms the forehead, the bony projections under the eyebrows, and the superior part of each eye’s orbit
Frontal bone
The pair form most of the superior and lateral walls of the cranium.
Parietal bones
They meet in the midline of the skull at the sagittal suture
Parietal bones
form the coronal suture, where they meet the frontal bone
Parietal bones
Temporal Bones
lie inferior to the parietal bones; they join them at the squamous sutures
lie inferior to the parietal bones
temporal bones
they join the parietal bones at the squamous sutures
temporal bones
forms the anterior part of the cranial floor
frontal bone
anterior portion of the cranium
frontal bone
posterior and lateral to the frontal bone
parietal bones
form the sides of the cranium
parietal bones
sagittal suture
the suture at the midline of the skull where the two parietal bones meet
midline of the skull where the two parietal bones meet
sagittal suture
coronal suture
the suture formed where the two parietal bones meet the frontal bone
formed where the two parietal bones meet the frontal bone
coronal suture
lie superior to the temporal bones
parietal bones
important bone markings on the temporal bone
external acoustic meatus styloid process zygomatic process mastoid process jugular foramen internal acoustic meatus carotid canal
external acoustic meatus
canal on temporal bone leading to eardrum and middle ear; route by which sound enters the ear;
canal leading to eardrum and middle ear
external acoustic meatus
route by which sound enters the ear
external acoustic meatus
styloid process
needle-like projection of temporal bone; just inferior to the external auditory meatus; many neck muscles use as an attachment point
needle-like projection of temporal bone
styloid process
projection just inferior to the external auditory meatus
styloid process
many neck muscles use these parts of temporal bone as attachment points
styloid process
mastoid process
zygomatic process
thin bridge-like projection on the temporal bone that joins the cheekbone anteriorly;
thin bridge-like projection on the temporal bone that joins the cheekbone anteriorly;
zygomatic process
together these two bones form the zygomatic arch
zygomatic process of the temporal bone
zygomatic bone
mastoid process
rough projection of the temporal bone posterior and inferior to the external acoustic meatus; provides an attachment site for some muscles of the neck; high-risk spot for infection, used to drill in to drain when infected
rough projection of the temporal bone posterior and inferior to the external acoustic meatus
mastoid process
high-risk spot for infection on the temporal bone; used to drill in to drain when infected
mastoid process
jugular foramen
opening on the temporal bone medial to the styloid process; at the junction of the occipital and temporal bones; allows for the passage of the jugular vein and cranial nerves
opening on the temporal bone medial to the styloid process; at the junction of the occipital and temporal bones
jugular foramen
allows for the passage of the jugular vein and cranial nerves
jugular foramen
jugular vein
the largest vein in the head; drains the brain; passes through the jugular foramen on the temporal bone
the largest vein in the head; drains the brain; passes through the jugular foramen on the temporal bone
jugular vein
internal acoustic meatus
opening on posterior aspect of temporal bone; just anterior to the jugular foramen in the cranial cavity; allows cranial (facial) nerves to pass
opening on posterior aspect of temporal bone; just anterior to the jugular foramen in the cranial cavity; allows cranial (facial) nerves to pass
internal acoustic meatus
carotid canal
opening on the temporal bone medial to the styloid process and anterior to the jugular foramen; allows the internal carotid artery to enter the cranial cavity, supplying blood to most of the brain
opening on the temporal bone medial to the styloid process and anterior to the jugular foramen
carotid canal
allows the internal carotid artery to enter the cranial cavity, supplying blood to most of the brain
carotid canal
occipital bone
the most posterior bone of the cranium; forms the base and back wall of the skull; joins the sphenoid bone anteriorly
the most posterior bone of the cranium
occipital bone
forms the base and back wall of the skull
occipital bone
joins the sphenoid bone anteriorly
occipital bone
where the occipital bone joins the parietal bones anteriorly
lambdoid suture
lambdoid suture
where the occipital bone joins the parietal bones anteriorly
foramen magnum
large opening in the base of the occipital bone; surrounds the lower part of the brain and allows the spinal cord to join with the brain
large opening in the base of the occipital bone
foramen magnum
surrounds the lower part of the brain and allows the spinal cord to join with the brain
foramen magnum
occipital condyles
rounded projections of the occipital bone lateral to the foramen magnum on each side; rest on the first cervical vertebra of the spinal column (atlas)
rounded projections of the occipital bone lateral to the foramen magnum on each side
occipital condyles
rest on the first cervical vertebra of the spinal column (atlas)
occipital condyles
sphenoid bone
butterfly-shaped bone; spans the width of the skull and forms part of the floor of the cranial cavity; portion of which seen exteriorly on the lateral aspect of the skull, anterior to the temporal bones
butterfly-shaped bone; spans the width of the skull and forms part of the floor of the cranial cavity
sphenoid bone
sella turcica
“turk’s saddle” saddle shaped region in the sphenoid midline; forms a snug enclose for the pituitary gland
“turk’s saddle” saddle shaped region in the sphenoid midline
sella turcica
forms a snug enclose for the pituitary gland
sella turcica
greater wings of the sphenoid bone
portions of the sphenoid seen exteriorly on the lateral aspect of the skull, anterior to the temporal bones; form part of the orbits of the eyes; have two important openings: optic canal and superior orbital fissure
portions of the sphenoid seen exteriorly on the lateral aspect of the skull
greater wings of the sphenoid bone
anterior to the temporal bones;also form part of the posteroir orbits of the eyes
greater wings of the sphenoid bone
foramen ovale
large oval opening in the sphenoid bone; in line with the posterior end of the sella turcica; allows fibers of cranial nerve V to pass to the chewing muscles of the lower jaw (mandible)
large oval opening in the sphenoid bone; in line with the posterior end of the sella turcica
foramen ovale
allows fibers of cranial nerve V to pass to the chewing muscles of the lower jaw (mandible)
foramen ovale
have two important openings: optic canal and superior orbital fissure
greater wings of the sphenoid bone
where do you see the sphenoid bone externally?
forming part of the eye orbits and anterior two the temporal bones
seen externally forming part of the eye orbits and anterior two the temporal bones
sphenoid bone
optic canal
opening in the sphenoid bone seen externally through the eye orbit; allows the optic nerve to pass to the eye
opening in the sphenoid bone seen externally through the eye orbit; allows the optic nerve to pass to the eye
optic canal
superior orbital fissure
slit-like opening in the sphenoid bone seen externally through the eye orbit; allows the cranial nerves controlling eye movement to pass
slit-like openings in the sphenoid bone seen externally through the eye orbit
superior orbital fissure
inferior orbital fissure
allows the cranial nerves controlling eye movement to pass
superior orbital fissure
inferior orbital fissure
slit-like opening in the sphenoid bone seen externally through the eye orbit; formed by inferior edge of greater wings of sphenoid bone and superior edges of maxillae
slit-like opening in the sphenoid bone seen externally through the eye orbit; formed by inferior edge of greater wing of sphenoid bone and superior edge of maxilla
inferior orbital fissure
sphenoidal sinuses
the air cavities riddling the central part of the sphenoid bone
the air cavities riddling the central part of the sphenoid bone
sphenoidal sinuses
ethmoid bone
irregularly shaped bone anterior to the sphenoid; forms the roof of the nasal cavity, upper nasal septum, and part of the medial walls of the orbits
irregularly shaped bone anterior to the sphenoid
ethmoid bone
forms the roof of the nasal cavity, upper nasal septum, and part of the medial walls of the orbits
ethmoid bone
crista galli
“cock’s comb;” vertical projection of the ethmoid bone to which the dura mater (outermost covering of brain) attaches
vertical projection of the ethmoid bone to which the dura mater (outermost covering of brain) attaches
crista galli
cribriform plates
Part of ethmoid bone; bony plates on the with many small holes; lateral to the crista galli; allow the olfactory fibers (smell receptors) to pass to the brain from the nasal mucosa
bony plates with many small holes; lateral to the crista galli; part of ethmoid
cribriform plates
allow the olfactory fibers (smell receptors) to pass to the brain from the nasal mucosa
cribriform plates
each bone in the calvarium is named for what?
the corresponding lobe of the cerebrum (largest part of brain); the frontal bone protects the frontal lobe, the parietal bones protect the parietal lobes…
calvarium bones that have openings that connect the structures of the inner and outer ears
temporal bones
cranium bones that protect the underside of the brain
ethmoid bone
sphenoid bone
keystone bone
sphenoid: forms cranium floor and connects to all skull bones
supports the olfactory bulb (terminus of the olfactory nerve)
the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone
the frontal bone articulates with how many other bones?
12
10 of which are facial
superior and middle nasal conchae
thin, delicately coiled plates of bone extending medially from the ethmoid into the nasal cavity; form part of the lateral walls of the nasal cavity; increase the turbulence of air flowing through the nasal passages, increase the surface area of the mucosa that covers them which increases the ability to warm and humidify incoming air
thin, delicately coiled plates of bone extending medially from the ethmoid into the nasal cavity
superior and middle nasal conchae
increase the turbulence of air flowing through the nasal passages, increase the surface area of the mucosa that covers them which increases the ability to warm and humidify incoming air
superior and middle nasal conchae
form part of the lateral walls of the nasal cavity
superior and middle nasal conchae
facial bones: about
14 bones; 12 paired; form the base of the muscles of the face; allow us to show feeling and chew food;
14 bones; 12 paired; form the base of the muscles of the face; allow us to show feeling and chew food;
facial bones
mandible
the lower jawbone; articulates with the temporal bones in the only freely moveable joints of the skull; largest and strongest bone of the face
the lower jawbone
mandible
articulates with the temporal bones in the only freely moveable joints of the skull
mandible
largest and strongest bone of the face
mandible
body
the horizontal part of the mandible; forms the chin
ramus
vertical extension of the body on either side of the mandible
alveolar margin (alveolar process)
superior edge of the mandible; contains sockets (alveoli) for the lower teeth
the horizontal part of the mandible; forms the chin
body
vertical extension of the body on either side of the mandible
ramus (both: the rami)
superior edge of the mandible
alveolar margin (alveolar process)
contains sockets (alveoli) for the lower teeth
alveolar margin
maxillae
the two maxillary bones fuse in a median suture to form the upper jaw and part of the orbits
temporomandibular joint
point where mandible articulates with the temporal bones
point where mandible articulates with the temporal bones
temporomandibular joint
the two bones fuse in a median suture to form the upper jaw and part of the orbits
the two maxillae, or maxillary bones
“keystone” bones of the face
maxillae; all facial bones except the mandible join the maxillae
all facial bones except the mandible join this
maxillae
carry the upper teeth in the alveolar process
maxillae
the maxillae carry the upper teeth in this
alveolar process
palatine processes
extensions of the maxillae that form the anterior part of the hard palate of the mouth
extensions of the maxillae that form the anterior part of the mouth
palatine processes (hard palate)
the maxillae form the jaw and the boundaries of these cavities
roof of mouth
floor and lateral walls of the nasal cavity
floors of the orbits
paranasal sinuses
drain into nasal passages; naming reveals position surrounding the nasal cavity; lighten the skull/facial bones and act as resonance chambers for speech; the maxillary sinus is the largest;
the four skull bones that contain sinuses (mucosa-lined air cavities)
maxillary
sphenoid
ethmoid
frontal
drain into nasal passages; naming reveals position surrounding the nasal cavity
paranasal sinuses
lighten the skull/facial bones and act as resonance chambers for speech
paranasal sinuses
the maxillary sinus is the largest
paranasal sinuses
sinuses
mucosa-lined air cavities which lead into the nasal passages
why do infection in the nose and throat cause sinus pain?
because the mucosa lining in the sinuses is continuous with that in the nose in throat; infections tend to migrate
palatine bones
paired bones posterior to the palatine processes of the maxillae; form the posterior part of the hard palate and part of the orbit; the posterior borders serve as the attachment site of the soft palate
paired bones posterior to the palatine processes of the maxillae
palatine bones
form the posterior part of the hard palate and part of the orbit
palatine bones
the posterior borders serve as the attachment site of the soft palate
palatine bones
failure of either of these to fuse medially results in cleft palate
palatine bones or palatine processes
zygomatic bones
cheekbones; lateral to the maxilla; also form much of the lateral walls of the orbits (eye sockets)
the facial bones
mandible maxillae - 2 palatine - 2 zygomatic - 2 lacrimal - 2 nasal - 2 vomer inferior nasal conchae - 2
cheekbones
zygomatic bones
lateral to the maxilla
zygomatic bones
form much of the lateral walls of the orbits (eye sockets)
zygomatic bones
lacrimal bones
fingernail-sized bones forming part of the medial walls of each orbit; between the maxilla and the ethmoid; each has an opening that serves as a passageway for tears (lacrima=tear)
fingernail-sized bones forming part of the medial walls of each orbit
lacrimal bones
bones between the maxilla and the ethmoid
lacrimal bones
each has an opening that serves as a passageway for tears
lacrimal bones (lacrima=tear)
nasal bones
the small rectangular bones forming the bridge of the nose (lower part of nose is made up of cartilage)
the small rectangular bones forming the bridge of the nose
nasal bones
what is the lower part of the skeleton of the nose made up of?
cartilage
vomer bone
blade-shaped bone in the median line of the nasal cavity; forms the lower part and most of the nasal septum; posterior border is free
bones located in back of the nasal cavity
palatine bones
blade-shaped bone in the median line of the nasal cavity
vomer
forms the lower part and most of the nasal septum
vomer bone
the superior half is fused with the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone
vomer bone
superior to the vomer
perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone
inferior nasal conchae
thin, curved bones protruding medially from the lateral walls of the nasal cavity; serve same purpose as the nasal conchae of the ethmoid bone
thin, curved bones protruding medially from the lateral walls of the nasal cavity; serve same purpose as those of the ethmoid bone
inferior nasal conchae
which bones do each of the nasal conchae belong to?
superior nasal conchae - ethmoid bone
middle nasal conchae - ethmoid bone
inferior nasal conchae - a facial bone of its own
hyoid bone
not part of skull; located in throat above larynx; anchored by ligaments to the styloid processes of the temporal bones; only bone in body not attached to another bone; point of attachment for neck muscles that raise and lower larynx while we speak; moveable base for tongue
not part of skull; located in throat above larynx; anchored by ligaments to the styloid processes of the temporal bones
hyoid bone
only bone in body not attached to another bone
hyoid bone
point of attachment for neck muscles that raise and lower larynx while we speak; moveable base for tongue
hyoid bone
zygomatic arch
the bony arch at the outer border of the eye socket, formed by the union of the zygomatic bone (cheekbone) and the zygomatic process of the temporal bone
the bony arch at the outer border of the eye socket
zygomatic arch
formed by the union of the zygomatic bone (cheekbone) and the zygomatic process of the temporal bone
zygomatic arch
fontanels
fibrous membranes connecting the cranial bones in an infant’s skull; soft spots; allow the fetal skull to be compressed slightly during birth; allow for growth of the brain during early infancy; gradually converted to bone (ossify) and gone by 24 months
the fontanels
anterior fontanel
posterior fontanel
sphenoidal fontanel (temporal fontanel)
mastoid fontanel
fibrous membranes connecting the cranial bones in an infant’s skull
fontanels
“soft spots” in infants
fontanels
allow the fetal skull to be compressed slightly during birth; allow for growth of the brain during early infancy
fontanels
ossify
convert to bone
convert to bone
ossify
fontanel where the coronal suture and sagittal suture will eventually be
anterior fontanel
anterior fontanel
fontanel where the coronal suture and sagittal suture will eventually be
fontanel where the sagittal suture and lambdoid suture will eventually be
posterior fontanel
posterior fontanel
fontanel where the sagittal suture and lambdoid suture will eventually be
fontanel where the coronal suture and lambdoid suture will eventually be
sphenoidal/temporal fontanel
fontanel where the temporal, occipital, and parietal bones will eventually meet
mastoid fontanel
mastoid fontanel
fontanel where the temporal, occipital, and parietal bones will eventually meet
which bone has the cribriform plate and crista galli?
ethmoid bone
what serves as the axial support of the body?
vertebral column (spine)
what is the location of the vertebral column?
extends from the skull, which it supports, to the pelvis, where it transmits the weight of the body to the lower limbs
extends from the skull, which it supports, to the pelvis, where it transmits the weight of the body to the lower limbs
the vertebral column
another name for the vertebral column
spine
another name for spine
vertebral column
what supports the skull?
the vertebral column
how are the bones of the vertebral column connected and supported?
ligaments
what is running through the central cavity of the vertebral column?
the delicate spinal cord, which the vertebral column surrounds and protects
how many bones in the vertebral column before/after birth?
33 separate before; 9 fuse to form 2 composite bones; 26 after
9 vertebrae fuse before birth to form which two composite bones?
sacrum
coccyx
vertebrae
bones of the spine
bones of the spine
vertebrae
what construct the inferior portion of the vertebral column?
two composite bones: sacrum & coccyx
the seven vertebrae of the neck
cervical vertebrae
cervical vertebrae
the seven vertebrae of the neck
the twelve vertebrae of the middle vertebral column
thoracic vertebrae
thoracic vertebrae
the twelve vertebrae of the middle vertebral column
the five vertebrae supporting the lower back
lumbar vertebrae
lumbar vertebrae
the five vertebrae supporting the lower back
the names of the sets of bones of the vertebral column, superior to inferior
cervical thoracic lumbar sacral coccyx
intervertebral discs
pads of flexible fibrocartilage separating the individual vertebrae; cushion vertebrae and absorb shock while allowing the spine flexibility
pads of flexible fibrocartilage separating the individual vertebrae
intervertebral discs
cushion vertebrae and absorb shock while allowing the spine flexibility
intervertebral discs
how do intervertebral discs change as a person ages?
in youth have high water content (90%) are spongy and compressible; as a person ages, water content decreases (like that of other tissues) discs become harder & less compressible
herniated discs
a tear in the outer ring of the intervertebral disc allows the soft center to bulge out and cause pressure on the spinal cord
a tear in the outer ring of the intervertebral disc allows the soft center to bulge out and cause pressure on the spinal cord
herniated discs
the two major regions of a intervertebral disc
central gelatinous region that behaves like a fluid
outer ring of tough collagen fibers that stabilize disc
composition of the central region of a intervertebral disc
gelatinous; behaves like a fluid
composition of the outer ring of a intervertebral disc
tough collagen fibers
primary curvatures
spinal curvatures in the thoracic and sacral regions or the vertebral column
why are the primary curvatures of the spine named so?
because they are present when we are born
what produces the C-shaped spine of a newborn baby?
the two primary curvatures of the thoracic and sacral regions together
secondary curvatures
the spinal curvatures in the cervical and lumbar regions of the vertebral column
why are the secondary curvatures of the spine named so?
because they develop sometime after birth
spinal curvatures in the thoracic and sacral regions or the vertebral column
primary curvatures
the spinal curvatures in the cervical and lumbar regions of the vertebral column
secondary curvatures
what does the secondary curvature of the spine allow in adults?
allows us to center our body weight on our lower limbs with minimal effort
when does the cervical curvature of the spine appear?
when a baby begins to raise its head
when does the lumbar curvature of the spine develop?
when a baby begins to walk
what curvature of the spine appears when a baby begins to raise its head
cervical
what curvature of the spine develops when a baby begins to walk?
lumbar
what is the purpose of the discs and the S-shaped (springlike) construction of the vertebral column?
prevents shock to the head in walking and running and make the body trunk flexible
prevents shock to the head in walking and running and make the body trunk flexible
the discs and the S-shaped (springlike) construction of the vertebral column
scoliosis
abnormal spine curvature - spine curves laterally
kyphosis
abnormal spine curvature - thoracic curvature exaggerated, bulged out
lordosis
abnormal spine curvature - lumbar curvature exaggerated, pushed in
abnormal spine curvature - spine curves laterally
scoliosis
abnormal spine curvature - thoracic curvature exaggerated, bulged out
kyphosis
abnormal spine curvature - lumbar curvature exaggerated, pushed in
lordosis
causation of abnormal spine curvatures
congenital (present at birth), disease, poor posture, or unequal muscle pull on the spine
how do the different curvatures of the vertebral column curve? (concave/convex in reference to the posterior aspect)
cervical - concave
thoracic - convex
lumbar - concave
sacrum - convex
the common features of vertebrae
centrum (body) vertebral arch laminae pedicles vertebral foramen transverse processes spinous process superior and inferior articular processes
centrum (body)
disc-like, weight-bearing, rounded central portion of the vertebra facing anteriorly in the vertebral column
vertebral arch
represents the junction of all posterior extensions from the vertebral body; composed of pedicles, laminae, and spinous process
lamina
two broad plates, extending dorsally and medially from the pedicles, fusing to complete the roof of the vertebral arch
pedicles
two short, thick processes, which project dorsally, one on either side, from the superior part of the vertebral body at the junction of its posterior and lateral surfaces. They connect the body of the spinal vertebra to the arch
vertebral foramen
opening enclosed by the body and vertebral arch of the vertebrae through which the spinal cord passes
transverse processes
two lateral projections from the vertebral arch
spinous process
single posterior projection from the vertebral arch (from where the laminae fused)
superior and inferior articular processes
paired projections lateral to the vertebral foramen that enable adjacent vertebrae to articulate with one another
disc-like, weight-bearing, rounded central portion of the vertebra facing anteriorly in the vertebral column
centrum (body)
represents the junction of all posterior extensions from the vertebral body; composed of pedicles, laminae, and spinous process
vertebral arch
two broad plates, extending dorsally and medially from the pedicles, fusing to complete the roof of the vertebral arch
two lamina (laminae)
two short, thick processes, which project dorsally, one on either side, from the superior part of the vertebral body at the junction of its posterior and lateral surfaces. They connect the body of the spinal vertebra to the arch
pedicles
opening enclosed by the body and vertebral arch of the vertebrae through which the spinal cord passes
vertebral foramen
two lateral projections from the vertebral arch
transverse processes
single posterior projection from the vertebral arch (from where the laminae fused)
spinous process
paired projections lateral to the vertebral foramen that enable adjacent vertebrae to articulate with one another
superior and inferior articular processes
what form the neck portion of the vertebral column?
the seven cervical vertebrae
what is the first vertebrae called?
the atlas
what is the second vertebrae called?
the axis
atlas
first cervical vertebrae; has no body; the superior surfaces of its transverse processes contain large depressions that receive the occipital condyles of the skull - this joint allows you to nod “yes”
this vertebrae has no body
atlas
the superior surfaces of its transverse processes contain large depressions that receive the occipital condyles of the skull
atlas
this joint allows you to nod “yes”
the joint formed between the transverse processes of the atlas and the occipital condyles of the skull
axis
second cervical vertebrae; acts as a pivot point for the rotation of the atlas (and skull); has a large vertical process (the dens) that acts as the pivot point; this joint between C1 and C2 allow you to rotate your head side to side (“no”)
this vertebrae acts as a pivot point for the rotation of the atlas (and skull)
axis
this vertebrae has a large vertical process (the dens) that acts as the pivot
axis
the joint between these two vertebrae allow you to rotate your head side to side (“no”)
between the atlas and the axis
the dens
the large vertical process of the axis that acts as a pivot point for the rotation of the atlas (and skull)
the large vertical process of the axis that acts as a pivot point for the rotation of the atlas (and skull)
dens
“typical” cervical vertebrae
five: C3 - C7; the smallest, lightest vertebrae; most often their spinous processes are short and divided into two branches; the transverse processes contain foramina (openings) through which the vertebral arteries pass to the brain above
C3-C7 of the vertebrae
“typical” cervical vertebrae
most often the spinous processes of these vertebrae are short and divided into two branches
“typical” cervical vertebrae
the transverse processes of these vertebrae contain foramina (openings) through which the vertebral arteries pass to the brain above
“typical” cervical vertebrae
anytime you see foramina in the transverse processes of a vertebrae, it is definitely this type of vertebrae
“typical” cervical vertebrae
the smallest, lightest vertebrae
“typical” cervical vertebrae
when you run your fingers down the back of your neck you can feel this
the spinous processes of the cervical vertebrae
vertebrae prominens
C7; the spinous process of the seventh cervicle vertebrae; called so because it is especially prominent
C7; the spinous process of the seventh cervicle vertebrae; what is it called because it is especially prominent?
vertebrae prominens
what is the size of the thoracic vertebrae compared to that of the cervical vertebrae?
the thoracic vertebrae are larger
thoracic vertebrae
12: T1 to T12; only vertebrae to articulate with the ribs; form the posterior aspect of the thoracic cage
T1 to T12 of the vertebrae
thoracic vertebrae
only vertebrae to articulate with the ribs
thoracic vertebrae
form the posterior aspect of the thoracic cage
thoracic vertebrae
the body on these vertebrae are slightly heart-shaped
thoracic vertebrae
the body on these vertebrae have two small costal facets (articulating surfaces) one superior, one inferior, that articulate with the heads of the corresponding ribs
thoracic vertebrae
the transverse processes of these vertebrae articulate with the knob-like tubercles of the ribs
thoracic vertebrae
the vertebral foramen of these vertebrae are oval or round
thoracic vertebrae
the spinous process is long and hooks sharply downward, causing the vertebrae to look like a giraffe’s head when viewed laterally
thoracic vertebrae
lumbar vertebrae
5: L1-L5; the sturdiest of the vertebrae because subjected to the most stress of the vertebral column; have massive block-like bodies; have short, thick, hatchet-shaped spinous processes that extend directly backward and look like a moose head from lateral view
L1-L5
lumbar vertebrae
the sturdiest of the vertebrae
lumbar vertebrae
subjected to the most stress of the vertebral column
lumbar vertebrae
these vertebrae have massive block-like bodies
lumbar vertebrae
these vertebrae have short, thick, hatchet-shaped spinous processes that extend directly backward and look like a moose head from lateral view
lumbar vertebrae
sacrum
formed by the fusion of 5 vertebrae; is the posterior border of the pelvis; articulates superiorly with L5 and inferiorly connects with the coccyx
formed by the fusion of 5 vertebrae; is the posterior border of the pelvis
sacrum
articulates superiorly with L5 and inferiorly connects with the coccyx
sacrum
median sacral crest
is the remnant of the spinous processes of the fused vertebrae; roughens the midline surface of the sacrum
is the remnant of the spinous processes of the fused vertebrae of the sacrum
median sacral crest
roughens the midline surface of the sacrum
median sacral crest
ala (alae plural)
winglike superior portion of the sacrum which articulates laterally with the hip bones, forming the sacroiliac joints
sacroiliac joints
where the alae of the sacrum articulates with the hip bones
where the alae of the sacrum articulates with the hip bones
sacroiliac joints
winglike superior and lateral portion of the sacrum
ala (alae plural)
the median sacral crest is flanked laterally by these
posterior sacral foramina
posterior sacral foramina
flank the median sacral crest laterally
the vertebral canal continues inside the sacrum as this
sacral canal
the large inferior opening where the vertebral canal terminates in the sacrum near the coccyx
sacral hiatus
sacral canal
where the vertebral canal continues inside the sacrum until it terminates at the sacral hiatus
sacral hiatus
the large inferior opening where the sacral canal terminates in the sacrum near the coccyx
coccyx
human “tailbone”; formed from the fusion of three to five tiny, irregularly shaped vertebrae
human “tailbone”; formed from the fusion of three to five tiny, irregularly shaped vertebrae
coccyx
the lateral openings created between vertebrae when they are articulated with each other
the intervertebral foramina (singular: foramen)
intervertebral foramina
the lateral openings created between vertebrae when they are articulated with each other; allow for the passage of spinal nerves, arteries and ligaments
allow for the passage of spinal nerves, arteries and ligaments
intervertebral foramina
what is the bony thorax composed of?
the sternum, ribs, and thoracic vertebrae
the sternum, ribs, and thoracic vertebrae compose what?
the bony thorax (thoracic cage)
what is another name for the bony thorax?
the thoracic cage
why is the bony thorax called the thoracic cage?
because it forms a protective cone-shaped cage of slender bones around the organs of the thoracic cavity (heart, lungs, and major blood vessels)
sternum
breastbone; attached to the first seven pairs of ribs; typical flat bone resulting in the fusion of three bones - the manubrium, body, and xiphoid process, superior to inferior
breastbone
sternum
typical flat bone resulting in the fusion of three bones - the manubrium, body, and xiphoid process
sternum
typical flat bone attached to the first seven pairs of ribs
sternum
manubrium
bone at the superior end of the sternum; looks like the knot of a tie; articulates with the clavicle (collarbone) laterally
body (bone of sternum)
lies inferior to the manubrium and superior to the xiphoid process; forms most of the sternum
xiphoid process
bone at the inferior end of the sternum; lies at the level of the fifth intercostal space
bone at the superior end of the sternum
manubrium
lies inferior to the manubrium and superior to the xiphoid process
body
bone at the inferior end of the sternum
xiphoid process
this bone of the sternum looks like the knot of a tie
manubrium
forms most of the sternum
body
this part of the sternum articulates with the clavicle (collarbone) laterally
manubrium
this part of the sternum lies at the level of the fifth intercostal space
xiphoid process
important bony landmarks of the sternum
jugular notch
sternal angle
xiphisternal joint
jugular notch
concave upper border of the manubrium; generally is at the level of the third thoracic vertebrae
concave upper border of the manubrium
jugular notch
sternal angle
where the manubrium and the body of the sternum meet at a slight angle to each other; form a transverse ridge at the level of the second ribs
form a transverse ridge on the sternum at the level of the second ribs
sternal angle
where the manubrium and the body of the sternum meet at a slight angle to each other
sternal angle
xiphisternal joint
point where the sternal body and the xiphoid process fuse; lies at level of ninth thoracic vertebrae
point where the sternal body and the xiphoid process fuse
xiphisternal joint
how many ribs form the wall of the thoracic cage?
12 pairs
how are the ribs positioned?
all articulate with the vertebral column posteriorly and then curve downward an toward the anterior body surface
all articulate with the vertebral column posteriorly and then curve downward an toward the anterior body surface
ribs
what are the first seven ribs called?
true ribs
true ribs
the first seven pair of ribs; attach directly to the sternum by costal cartilages
costal cartilages
cartilages that connect the sternum and the ends of the ribs;
cartilages that connect the sternum and the ends of the ribs;
costal cartilages
false ribs
the five pairs of ribs after the true ribs; either attached indirectly to the sternum or not attached to sternum at all; last two are floating ribs
floating ribs
the bottom two false ribs; do not attach to sternum
the five pairs of ribs after the true ribs
false ribs
ribs either attached indirectly to the sternum or not attached to sternum at all
false ribs
last two are floating ribs
false ribs
ribs that do not attach to the sternum
floating ribs
intercostal spaces
space between the ribs
space between the ribs
intercostal spaces
what are the intercostal spaces filled with?
intercostal muscle, which aid in breathing
costal
pertaining to the ribs
pertaining to the ribs
costal
