Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PSYC 101 > 7) Memory > Flashcards

7) Memory Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Physics 101 flashcards Psychology 101 flashcards Chemistry 101 flashcards Biology 101 flashcards Organic Chemistry 101 flashcards Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Memory

A

The retention of information over time

far from perfect!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Memory Illusion

A

false but subjectively compelling memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Attention

A

Focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events

Hard to pay attention to everything all at once

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Why is attention important?

A

because we first need to pay attention in order to remember things

It affects our memory & performance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Inattention Blindness

A

when we don’t notice something that’s right in front of our eyes because we are too busy focusing on other things

-> we’re not good at multitasking!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Name the 4 basic processes of memory

A
  1. Attention
    - most important step
  2. Encoding
    - forming a memory code
  3. Storage
    - the process of maintaining info in memory
  4. Retrieval
    - recover / reactivate info from memory systems
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What’s a retrieval cue?

A

some hint that helps us recall info

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is a schema?

A

Organized knowledge structure or mental model that we’ve stored in memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Why are schemas important?
How can they be unhelpful?

A

Equip us with frames of reference for interpreting new situations. Without them, we’d find some info impossible to comprehend

BUT can make us remember things that never happened. Oversimplifying schemas = memory illusions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Sensory Memory

A

Brief storage of perceptual info before it is passed to STM / working memory or discarded

Briefly preserves info in its original form (fraction of a second), linking things tgt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the 3 forms of sensory memory?

A
  1. Iconic memory - visual
  2. Echoic memory - hearing
  3. Haptic memory - touch
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is short term memory?
What are its capacity and duration?

A

System that retains a limited capacity/duration

Duration: maintain unrehearsed information for ~ 20 seconds

Capacity: magic number is 7 +- 2 (George Miller)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Rehearsal

A

Process of repeating or thinking about the info

Extend duration of retention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the 2 types of rehearsal?

A
  1. Maintenance
    - repeat in original form, sound & looks
  2. Elaborative
    - link stimuli in meaningful way
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Chunking

A

Grouping familiar stimuli to store as one unit

Need long term memory to help us chunk meaningfully

Extend capacity of STM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Describe the levels of processing

A
  1. Shallow = structural
    - What it looks like
  2. Intermediate = Phonemic
    - What they sound like
  3. Deep = Semantic
    - thinking about the meaning
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Visual Imagery

A

Creating mental images to help memory formation

High visual imagery means easy to imagine as objects, like a ball

Low visual imagery means abstract things like truth or quality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Self Referent Encoding

A

Relating the information back to personal experiences

Promotes additional elaboration & organization info

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are three ways we can enhance encoding?

A
  1. Deep level of processing
  2. Visual imagery
  3. Self-Referent Encoding
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Working Memory

A

A limited capacity storage system

Maintains info by providing interface between perception, memory, & action

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Baddeley said

A

short term memory should be replaced with working memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Central Executive

A

Decision making
Coordinate actions
Controls attention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Phonological Loop

A

Auditory component similar to STM

Allow recitation of info

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Episodic Buffer

A

Interface btwn working and long term memory

Temporary limited capacity store for integration of info from other modules

Helps explain binding problem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Visuo-Spatial SketchPad

A

Temporarily hold & manipulate visual images

ex/ method of Loci, buying furniture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are the 4 components of working memory?

A

Central executive
Phonological loop
Episodic Buffer
Visuo-Spatial SketchPad

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the binding problem?

A

When we store info, they’re stored in diff places
How does it come together?

Episodic Buffer can sorta explain this

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Long term memory

A

Larger capacity & longer retention

Diff kinds of mistakes (semantic errors)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

LTM makes ___ errors while STM makes ____ errors

A

semantic // acoustic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Name the divisions in LTM

A
  1. Explicit
    a. Semantic
    b. Episodic
  2. Implicit
    a. Procedural
    b. Priming
    c. Habituation
    d. Conditioning
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Explicit memory

A

Declarative
Intentional recollections of facts or experiences

Divided into Semantic & Episodic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Semantic memory

A

a type of explicit memory

General knowledge & facts

NOT tied to when info was learned

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Episodic memory

A

a type of explicit memory

Chronologically dated recollections of personal experiences

Can become semantic!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Implicit memory

A

memories we don’t deliberately / consciously remember

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Procedural Memory

A

a type of implicit memory

How to do specific things
Motor skills & habits
-> ex/ do worse if we focus too hard

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

muscle memory can be described as

A

procedural, implicit memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Priming

A

implicit memory, not aware of this!

When previously encountered stimuli impacts future behavior

Ability to identify stimulus more easily / quickly after encountering smt similar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Conditioning

A

implicit memories we not aware of
Pair NS + UCS to elicit automatic response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Habituation

A

learning not to respond to repeated or unimportant stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Discuss the difference between explicit & implicit memory

A

Explicit
- Consciously aware
- Assessed directly by recall / recognition
- Involves skeletal muscles (PNS)
- Impacted by age (mostly episodic), drugs, amnesia, retention interval

Implicit
- Not consciously aware
- Assessed indirectly by relearning
- Involves ANS
- Not impacted by age, drugs, amnesia, retention interval

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Discuss the difference between explicit & implicit memory

A

Explicit
- Consciously aware
- Assessed directly by recall / recognition
- Impacted by age (mostly episodic), drugs, amnesia, retention interval

Implicit
- Not consciously aware
- Assessed indirectly by relearning
- Not impacted by age, drugs, amnesia, retention interval

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

A man suffering from amesia can’t recall his home phone number when asked, but his fingers dial the correct numbers when given a phone. This suggests that the amnesia affects ____ memory but not ____ memory

A

Semantic // Procedural
OR
Explicit // Implicit

^^ first one better, more specific

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Permastore

A

type of LTM that seems to be permanent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Primary & Recency Effect

A

Tendency to remember words at beginning and end of a list better

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Serial Position Curve

A

Graph depicting the effects of people’s ability to recall items on a list

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What are some different methods to test capacity and duration of short term memory?

A

Digit span test : capacity
Remember digits & do math : duration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Explain methods and findings of Sperling’s study.
What does it tell us about sensory memory?

A

Participants stare at screen and rows of letters are flashed briefly

Then participants tried to repeat letters in the row indicated by tone

Found that in iconic memory, we store a perfect image of the visual world for a brief moment before it is discarded (this helps link things tgt, smooth view)

48
Q

Who is HM?

A

Most studied man in the history of medical science (memory)

Guy who got lots of seizures at young age, did surgery that gave him brain damage

Can’t form new long term memories

49
Q

Retrograde Amnesia

A

Can’t retrieve memories for some time prior to when brain damage occurred

50
Q

Retrograde Amnesia

A

Can’t retrieve memories for some time before brain damage

51
Q

Anterograde Amnesia

A

Can’t form new memories after when brain damage occurred

More common

52
Q

Myth about amnesia

A

memory comes back in a flash

-> it actually can come back but gradually

53
Q

What lessons did we learn from HM, and describe the supporting evidence

A
  1. Difference btwn short & long term memory
    - Digit span test
    - STM: had normal STM span (6 digits)
    - LTM: cannot remember anything more than that^
  2. Difference btwn implicit & explicit memory
    - Mirror drawing test
    - Explicit: he says he cannot remember doing this before
    - Implicit: muscle memory is getting better
    - shows that he can form new procedural memory
  3. Diff types of memory may be encoded & stored in diff areas of brain
    - moved to new house 5 years after brain surgery, but can still draw floor plan of house
    - shows that he cannot form new memories but can make spatial memory
54
Q

Alzheimers

A

memory loss due to loss of synapses and acetylcholine NT

  • forget recent first, then older memories
55
Q

Karl Lashley

A

Further shows that memories are stored in diff areas

Trained rats to run a maze, lesioned their brains in diff areas
1. Less brain / more lesions = poorer performance
2. No matter where tissue was removed, some memory of the maze persisted

56
Q

Long term potentiation

A

gradual strengthening of connections among neurons from repetitive stimulation

enhance release of glutamate into synapse

strength of synapse increase: more receptors and NT released

57
Q

Where is memory stored?

A

in diff areas of the brain

Hippocampus
- factual memories, events themselves

Amygdala
- emotional memories, what we felt during the event (esp fear)
- memories solidified by adrenalin and norepinephrine

58
Q

Consolidation

A

Hypothetical process where info is gradually converted into memory codes to be stored in LTM

59
Q

Flashbulb memory

A

super vivid & detailed emotional memory

Just like any other memory but more intense
Can change over time

60
Q

Ebbinghaus

A

forgetting curve, used random words by himself

irl, meaningful stimuli easier to retain

61
Q

Retention and retention interval

A

proportion of material remembered

time between presentation of material & memory measure (how long we can remember)

62
Q

What are some ways to measure memory?

A
  1. Recall
  2. Recognition
  3. Relearning
63
Q

Recall

A

memory measure that requires reproduction of info without retrieval cues

ex/ short answers

64
Q

Recognition

A

Measure of retention that requires selecting previously learned info from options

ex/ mc questions

65
Q

Relearning

A

Measure of retention that requires a subject to reacquiring stuff we learned before but forgot over time
Determine how much time / how many trials are saved by having learned before
Often a test of implicit memory

65
Q

Relearning

A

Measure of retention that requires reacquiring stuff we learned before but forgot over time

Determine how much time is saved

Often a test of implicit memory

66
Q

How can we test implicit memory?

A

By relearning, seeing how much time is saved

67
Q

Distributed vs Massed Practice

A

Studying info in small increments over long time VS large increments over brief time

We tend to remember things in the long run when we use distributed practice

68
Q

What are some reasons why we forget?

A
  1. Pseudoforgetting
  2. Decay theory
  3. Interference theory
  4. Retrieval failure
69
Q

Pseudoforgetting

A

Can’t recall info becuz we didn’t encode it well in the first place

Due to lack of attention or superficial encoding

Reason why we forget smb’s name quickly

70
Q

Decay Theory

A

Forgetting over time, evidence in STM

71
Q

Interference Theory

A

Forgetting due to competition from other material in LTM or additional incoming info

Usually the reason why we forget

72
Q

What is usually the reason we forget, interference or decay?

A

interference

73
Q

What is the probe digit experiment and what did it show?

A

Study by Waugh & Norman

Find whether it is decay or interference that causes us to forget more

Recite numbers and at beep try to remember the number that came after current number

Found that it is interference!

74
Q

Importance of information type in intereference

A

Type matters! Similar things interferes more

75
Q

Retroactive interference

A

New info impairs retention of previously learned info

ex/ do bad when we study Econ then psych then take econ test

76
Q

Proactive interference

A

previously learned material interfere with our retention of new material

ex/ know French, hard to learn Spanish

77
Q

Retrieval failure

A

temporary unable to remember something we know

could happen when conditions between encoding & retrieval is different

related to tip of tongue and encoding specificity principle

78
Q

Tip of Tongue phenomenon

A

Retrieval failure

Experience of knowing that we know smt but unable to access it

Temporary inability to remember smt you know, feeling that it’s just out of reach

79
Q

Encoding Specificity Principle

A

Memory is improved when conditions during encoding and retrieval are similar

Context dependent: Retracing steps when forgot key

State dependent: Matching internal state at encoding & retrieval (ex drunk)

Mood dependent : Matching mood at encoding to retrieval

80
Q

What are the 7 sins of memory?

A

Sins of commission:
Suggestibility
Misattribution
Bias
Persistence

Sins of omission:
Transcience
Blocking
Absentmindedness

81
Q

Sins of commission vs omission

A

commission is doing something to the memory

omission is forgetting the memory

82
Q

Suggestibility

A

Sin of commision

Tendency to incorporate misleading info from external sources into personal recollections

Misinformation effect

Implant false memories

83
Q

Importance of misinformation effect irl

A

faulty eyewitness testimony make innocent ppl go to jail

84
Q

Misinformation effect

A

part of suggestibility

creating new unreal memories or changing existing ones

provide misleading info AFTER event occurs

impacted by phrasing!

85
Q

False memories

A

part of suggestibility

Implanted by therapy or stories

Suggestive memory technique: Procedure that encourages patients to recall memories that may or may not have taken place

Dream interpretation, hypnosis, Imagination, exposure to false info

ex/ When you were young, you got lost at the mall…

86
Q

Misattribution

A

Sin of commission

Source monitoring confusion

Imagination inflation

Cryptomnesia

87
Q

Source Monitoring confusion

A

part of misattribution

lack of clarity about origin of a memory
i.e. when, where, & how we acquired it

88
Q

Imagination inflation

A

part of misattribution

imagining an event makes us more likely to believe that it happened

if we confuse it with smt that actually happened, that’ll become source monitoring confusion

89
Q

Cryptomnesia

A

part of misattribution

failure to recognize that our ideas originated with someone else

90
Q

Bias

A

Sin of commision

Present knowledge, beliefs, and feelings distort / influence previous experiences

91
Q

Persistence

A

Sin of commission

Intrusive recollection of events that we wish we could forget but cannot

ex/ PTSD

92
Q

Transcience

A

Sin of omission

Forgetting with time
Events from past becomes more vague, our minds fill in blank spaces

Decay & Interference…

93
Q

Blocking

A

Sin of omission

failure to retrieve info that is available in memory

ex/ tip of tongue

94
Q

Absentmindedness

A

sin of omission

Pseudoforgetting or lapse in attention that results in memory failure

Failures of prospective memory…

95
Q

Prospective memory

A

Remembering to remember an intention in the future

can be an action or event

96
Q

Difference between time and event cues

A

time:
remembering to do smt at certain time, and feeling the time elapse

event:
drive by school and remember to pick up kids

97
Q

Mnemonics

A

Learning aid/strategy that enhances recall

98
Q

What are some examples of mnemonics?

A

Rhymes
Acrostics
Acronym

Method of Loci
Link Method
Narrative Method
Keyword Method
Pegboard Method

99
Q

Acrostic

A

phrase or poem where first letter of each word is a cue to aid recall of info

100
Q

Some people remember directions using the phrase “never eat soggy wheat”
This is an example of what type of mnemonic?

A

Acrostic

101
Q

Acronym

A

word formed out of first letter of a series of words

102
Q

ROYGBIV is an example of what kind of mnemonic?

A

acronym

103
Q

Link Method

A

forming mental image of items to be remembered in a way that links them together

104
Q

Method of Loci

A

Taking an imaginary walk along a familiar path where visual images of items to be remembered are associated with certain locations

105
Q

Narrative Method

A

Creating a story that includes list of keywords in order

106
Q

Keyword method

A

Associating a concrete word with an abstract word and generate an image to represent the concrete word

107
Q

Pegboard Method

A

ex/ one is a bun, two is a shoe, three is a tree
Then associate the order u want to each item above

108
Q

Learning & music

A

learning info put to a melody improves long term retention

109
Q

Memory for infants

A

Display implicit memory for events

Memory is influenced by some of the same factors as adult’s memory

110
Q

Engram

A

Physical trace of each memory in the brain

111
Q

Why does our memory become more sophisticated as we grow up?

A
  1. Memory span increase
    - Physical maturation
    - Better use of strategies like rehearsal
    - doesn’t become 7+-2 until 12yrs old!
  2. Conceptual understanding / knowledge of world increase
    - need this to chunk & store in meaningful way
  3. Develop enhanced meta-memory
    - help identify when we need strategies to improve memory & know what works best
112
Q

Meta memory

A

knowledge about our own memory abilities & limitations

113
Q

Infantile Amnesia

A

Inability of adults to remember experiences that happened at early age

114
Q

What is the False Memory Controversy?

A

Memories of past trauma can be shaped by techniques in psychotherapy

Repress & recover memories years later
VS
“recovered” memories may be due to suggestive therapeutic procedures that induce false recollections

115
Q

What are some tips that can help us remember better?

A
  1. Use distributed practice rather than massed
  2. Testing Effect
  3. Elaborate rehearsal
  4. Deep level of processing
  5. Mnemonics and cues to connect things tgt!

PSYC 101 (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions