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PSYC 101 > 3) Brain Behavior Network > Flashcards

3) Brain Behavior Network Flashcards

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1
Q

Central Nervous System

A

brain + spinal cord

Controls mind and behavior
Sensory info comes in, decisions to act come out

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2
Q

Spinal cord is protected by?

A

meninges (3 thin layers of membranes) and cerebral ventricles

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3
Q

Cerebral ventricles

A

Pockets in brain that contain CSF
Provide brain with nutrients and cushion against injury

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4
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A

CNS shock absorber
Allow us to move our heads rapidly without brain damage

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5
Q

Cerebrum or Forebrain

A

Top part of brain, most highly developed area that allows advanced intellectual abilities

Controls complex cognitive, emotional, sensory, & motor functions

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6
Q

What is the forebrain / cerebrum divided into?

A

Cerebral Cortex & Subcortical structures

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7
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

Outer + largest component of forebrain

Responsible for higher brain functions:
most complex aspects of perception, movement, thought

Analyzes sensory info

Gyri and sulci are not random!
2 cerebral hemispheres
4 lobes + hidden insular lobe

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8
Q

Gyri and Sulci

A

gyrus: smooth surface (raised parts)
sulcus: indentations and fissures

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9
Q

What are the subcortical structures of the forebrain?

A

Basal ganglia + limbic system:
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
Amygdala
Hippocampus

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10
Q

the two halves of the cerebral cortex communicate through ____

A

the corpus callosum

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11
Q

T or F : people can live with only one half of a brain

A

true
if taken out early, brain tries to assume the roles of missing half

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12
Q

How did ____ find out that the 2 hemispheres of the cerebral cortex serve different functions?

A

Roger Sperry
Split brain surgery - severe corpus callosum

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13
Q

Grey matter

A

in outer layers of cortex
cell bodies + dendrites

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14
Q

white matter

A

inner layers of cortex
axons + myelin sheaths

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15
Q

Left hemisphere functions

A

Controls right side of body
Actions
Find-tuned language skills
- reading, writing, speech

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16
Q

Right hemisphere functions

A

Controls left side of body
Visuospatial skills
Coarse language skills
- simple speech, tone of voice

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17
Q

Which hemisphere deals with face perception and perceptual grouping?

A

right

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18
Q

which hemisphere deals with motion detection and allows us to make facial expressions?

A

left

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19
Q

Corpus callosum

A

large band of fibres that connects the 2 cerebral hemispheres, relaying info

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20
Q

Split brain surgery

A

Procedure that severs corpus callosum to reduce spread of seizures
Experience separation of mental functions

ex/
Info originating from left field goes to visual cortex on the right side, and is blocked from crossing over back to left hemi
&laquo_space;refer to notes for pic&raquo_space;

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21
Q

Lateralization

A

cognitive functions that relies on one side of brain more than the other

Even though 2 hemis are connected and work together to coordinate functions, each hemi serves diff functions

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22
Q

Are personalities lateralized?

A

NOOOOO

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23
Q

Name the lobes in the cerebral cortex and super briefly describe what they do

A

Frontal - thinking + speech production
Parietal - touch + spatial perception
Temporal - hearing + language comprehension
Occipital - sight
Insular - taste

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24
Q

Frontal lobe + what it contains

A

Abstract thinking, planning, judgement, memory, & movement

Executive functioning
- organize + coordinate other brain area functions

Contains
- Motor cortex
- Prefrontal cortex (Broca’s Area)

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25
Q

Motor cortex

A

in frontal lobe, responsible for voluntary body movement

  • each part of cortex controls specific part of body
  • parts can get bigger if it’s used alot
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26
Q

prefrontal cortex

A

in front of motor cortex
in frontal lobe

thinking, decision making, planning
- contributes to mood, personality, self awareness
- broca’s area

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27
Q

Which part of our brain helps to keep our impulses in check?

A

prefrontal cortex, in frontal lobe

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28
Q

broca’s area

A

in prefrontal cortex of frontal lobe

language area that helps control speech production

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29
Q

Damage to which part of our brain can change our personality?

A

frontal lobe
ex/ phineas gage

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30
Q

central sulcus

A

deep groove that separates frontal lobe from rest of cortex

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31
Q

Parietal lobe

A

Spatial perception
Somatosensory cortex
- process touch

  • guides our attention
  • help us process others actions
  • integrates senses
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32
Q

Which lobe relays visual + touch info to the Motor cortex?

A

parietal
ex/ imagining the fluffiness of your pillow

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33
Q

Unilateral / hemispatial neglect

A

damage to parietal lobe

Neglect opposite side of body from where damage occurred to this lobe (cuz brain pathways cross over to other side of body)

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34
Q

Temporal lobe

A

Auditory cortex - process sound info
Wernicke’s area

Involved in long term memory
Fusiform Face area

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35
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

in temporal lobe
- speech + language comprehension
- damage to this area = speak gibberish

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36
Q

fusiform face area

A

in temporal lobe

ability to recognize faces and meaningful features

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37
Q

Occipital lobe

A

visual cortex
- process visual info
- proportionally larger in humans cuz we depend on it alot

eyes -> thalamus -> occipital lobe

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38
Q

Bats that rely on sound should have a bigger ____

A

auditory cortex

39
Q

Insular lobe

A

taste perception
- perceives internal organ states
- linked to emotions of compassion & empathy

40
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

subcortical structure in forebrain

  • control & plan intentional movement
  • skill & habit learning, behaviours we find rewarding
  • emotions, language, decision making, memory
41
Q

Parkinson’s disease is due to damage to which area of the brain?

A

basal ganglia

42
Q

Which area is particularly involved in skill & habit learning, such as hobbies?

A

basal ganglia

43
Q

What is in the limbic system?

A

thalamus
hypothalamus
amygdala
hippocampus

44
Q

Limbic system

A

where subcortical structures meet the cortex

Emotional center closely tied to ANS

also involved in motivation, learning, memory

45
Q

what sense is closely tied to emotion?

A

smell

46
Q

___ structures create bridge between hemis and brain stem

A

limbic

47
Q

limbic system evolved out of which system in early mammals?

A

olfactory (smell)

48
Q

thalamus

A

part of limbic system, gateway from sense organs to primary sensory cortex

Relays & FILTERS out info from senses and transmits info to specific parts of cerebral cortex

Integrates senses, initial processing

49
Q

hypothalamus

A

in limbic system
Maintains constant internal state (homeostasis)

Regulate hormone release and ANS
- Controls pituitary gland
- Emotion & motivation
- Body temp
- Psychological drives (the four Fs)

50
Q

amygdala

A

subcortical structure
in limbic system

Emotional learning & memories
(esp fear & aggression)

Modulates attention & perception based on emotions

Fear conditioning

Make sense of faces and social cues, involves positive emotions too!

51
Q

fear conditioning

A

when ppl learn to predict when smt scary is gonna happen

52
Q

hippocampus

A

Spatial navigation/memory
Formation of new long-term memories
Learning new facts, vivid remembering

Integrating memories into network of knowledge to be stored in other parts of forebrain

Damage here does not impact skill & habit learning (thats the basal ganglia)

53
Q

Spacial memory

A

Memory of physical layout of things in environment

54
Q

As we learn to navigate, the size of our ___ increases (ex/ in taxi drivers)

A

hippocampus

55
Q

Cerebellum

A

in hindbrain but not in brain stem

“little brain”
Controls balance
Coordinates precise movements

Learn motor skills
Contributes to executive, memory, spatial, & linguistic abilities

56
Q

If we are standing on one foot, which part of our brain helps prevent us from falling down?

A

cerebellum

57
Q

Brain stem + what it consists of

A

part of the brain between spinal cord & cerebral cortex
basic bodily functions that keep us alive

  • midbrain
  • pons
  • medulla
58
Q

Midbrain

A

in brain stem
Important for orientation

Tracks visual stimuli
Reflexes triggered by sound

Controls big motor movements

59
Q

what part of the brain is involved when a big THUMP makes you jump?

A

midbrain

60
Q

Hindbrain + what it contains

A

below midbrain
evolutionarily developed first

contains cerebellum, pons, RAS, & medulla

61
Q

pons

A

in brain stem, hindbrain

relays info from cerebellum to rest of the brain/cerebral cortex

Key role in sleep & dreaming

62
Q

medulla

A

in brain stem, hindbrain

An extension of the spinal cord that regulates vital reflexes
(heart rate, circulation, respiration, sneezing, coughing)

also involved in nausea & vomiting

63
Q

Serious damage to the medulla can cause

A

brain death
- unaware of surroundings and unresponsive
- no spontaneous movement, breathing, or reflex

64
Q

Reticular Activating System

A

in the brain stem, hindbrain
regulates sleep + arousal

  • connects with forebrain
  • activate cortex by jacking up signal-to-noise ratio

ex/ drugs for ADHD mimic NT activity in RAS

65
Q

Someone who’s in a coma probably took damage to which brain area?

A

Reticular activating system

66
Q

Spinal cord

A

Thick bundle of nerves that conveys info between brain and body

67
Q

What are nerves?

A

projections of neurons to and from other body parts, like highway traffic

68
Q

Three major types of neurons & what they connect to

A

Sensory - body to brain
Motor - brain to body
interneurons - sensory neurons to motor neurons (without reporting to brain)

69
Q

Reflexes

A

automatic motor response to sensory stimuli, thanks to interneurons

ex/ stretch reflex = regripping when loosened

70
Q

Where does info go when it is first picked up by a sense? (8)

A
  1. funnel into thalamus
    - initial processing & filtering
  2. primary sensory cortex specific to that sense
  3. association cortex
  4. basal ganglia
  5. blueprint of movement to motor cortex
  6. Spinal cord
  7. motor neurons
  8. muscles!
71
Q

Which sense goes directly to the limbic system?

A

smell

72
Q

primary sensory cortex

A

regions of cerebral cortex that initially process info from the senses

73
Q

Association cortex

A

spread throughout all lobes

integrates sensory info or simpler functions to perform more complex functions
hierarchal: processing more complex as info is passed up network

74
Q

most of the cerebrum is ____ cortex

A

association
75%

75
Q

Peripheral Nervous System + what it’s divided into

A

Nerves in body outside of CNS

  1. Somatic Nervous System
  2. Autonomic Nervous System
    a. Parasympathetic
    b. Sympathetic
76
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

Voluntary behaviour
interacts with external envo

Control movement & skeletal muscles

77
Q

___ triggers and coordinates movements, ____ carries them out

A

brain // Somatic NS

78
Q

Afferent vs Efferent nerves

A

Afferent: info to CNS
Efferent: CNS to muscles (SNS) and organs (ANS)

79
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

Division in PNS
Nonvoluntary actions
Internal environment like organs & glands

interact with brain, helps regulate emotions with limbic system

divided into
1. parasympathetic
2. sympathetic

80
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System

A

in ANS, chill

Rest & digestion
no threat, diff parts act independently

81
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A

in ANS, stress

Fight or flight
Trigger physical responses during emotional arousal / crisis
Neurons fire together, coordinated

82
Q

Fight or flight is associated with which division in the PNS?

A

Sympathetic nervous system

83
Q

Endocrine System

A

system of glands that controls secretion of hormones into bloodstream

84
Q

Hormones

A

molecules that influence particular organs

85
Q

Hormones vs Neurotransmitters

A

Carried thru blood instead of nerves
Longer effects compared to NT
Much slower in action

snail mail vs text message

86
Q

Pituitary Gland

A

Master Gland

Subcortical structure controlled by hypothalamus
Release hormones that direct what other glands do (also depends on actions of other glands)

87
Q

This is referred to as our master gland

A

pituitary gland

88
Q

Oxytocin

A

Hormone responsible for reproductive functions
Maternal and romantic love, “cuddle hormone”

Influence how much we trust others
Coordinate social behaviors and emotional communication

more sensitive to social cues, mirroring others
cons: make us treat outsiders worse

89
Q

Adrenal Gland

A

Emergency Centers

on top of kidneys, release adrenaline & cortisol during emotional arousal

90
Q

Adrenaline + what it does to our bodies

A

boost energy production in muscle cells, activated in emergencies / exciting activities

  • Increase blood flow: contraction of heart muscle & constrict blood vessels
  • Increase air intake: open bronchioles (tiny airways) of lungs
  • Fuel body: break down fat into fatty acid
  • Energize muscles: break down glycogen to glucose
  • Improve sight: open pupils
  • Decrease appetite: inhibits gastrointestinal secretions
91
Q

____ nervous system triggers ____ gland to release adrenaline

A

Sympathetic // adrenal

92
Q

Cortisol

A

released by adrenal gland
increase in response to stress & anxiety

regulates blood pressure and heart function, body’s use of nutrients (i.e. weight)

93
Q

Why is anxiety good?

A

prevent ppl from engaging in unethical or dangerous behaviour

94
Q

Reproductive glands

A

Male and female make more of their own hormone, but everyone has both

Testes
- high levels of testosterone in males

Ovaries
- high levels of estrogen in females

PSYC 101 (15 decks)

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