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PSYC 101 > 6) Learning > Flashcards

6) Learning Flashcards

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1
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

Pavlovian form of learning

automatically respond to a previously neutral stimulus by pairing with UCS that elicits automatic UCR

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2
Q

Learning

A

any relatively durable change in behaviour or knowledge that is due to experience

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3
Q

Ivan Pavlov

A

discovered classical conditioning through studies with dog & salivation

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4
Q

Unconditioned stimulus

A

stimulus that elicits a natural response, without conditioning

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5
Q

Unconditioned response

A

Natural behaviour in response to an unconditioned stimulus

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6
Q

Classical conditioning: what happens during the conditioning phase?

A

Neutral stimulus is paired with unconditioned stimulus
aka acquisition phase

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7
Q

Neutral Stimulus

A

some stimulus that normally causes no response

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8
Q

Classical conditioning: what happens after conditioning?

A

Neutral stimulus now causes the same automatic response (CR) as the UCS it was paired with

NS -> CS
UCR -> CR

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9
Q

Conditioned response

A

A learned association between unconditioned and neutral stimulus

Response previously associated with a UCS that is elicited by a NS thru conditioning

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10
Q

Acquisition

A

Learning phase where UCS & NS are paired and a CR is established

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11
Q

Classical conditioning: what makes associations strong during acquisition stage?

A
  • NS must come BEFORE UCS
  • Closer pairings in time make stronger associations
  • Novel stimuli are stronger than common ones
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12
Q

Does classical conditioning work if UCS and NS happen at the same time?

A

no!!

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13
Q

Extinction

A

Gradual weakening / disappearance of a CR when CS is repeatedly presented without UCS

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14
Q

Spontaneous Recovery

A

Reappearance of extinguished (extinct) response after a period of non-exposure to the CS

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15
Q

Renewal effect

A

Sudden re-emergence of a CR following extinction when an animal is returned to the envo in which CR was learned

ex/ learn here, extinct there, come back here may elicit CR

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16
Q

Higher order conditioning

A

Conditioning of a second NS by pairing it with the CS, without the original UCS

Effects not as strong

Second NS is never presented with the UCS!

ex/ bell + food, then clap + bell

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17
Q

Conditioned Taste Aversion

A

Classical conditioning can lead us to develop avoidance reactions to the taste of specific foods

Evolutionary standpoint: adaptive cuz protects us by avoiding dangerous foods

When a eating specific food (NS) is paired with food poisoning or illness (UCS) resulting in getting ill from eating spoiled food (UCR)

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18
Q

Why is conditioned taste aversion special compared to our typical classical conditioning?

A

Only require one trial to develop conditioned taste aversion

Delay between CS and UCS can be very long
(6-8 hrs)

Super duper specific food
(little evidence of stimulus generalization)

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19
Q

Conditioned Compensatory Response

A

Physiological changes that occur as a result of conditioned cues associated with a particular drug, which increases the tolerance for that drug

ex/ drinking every friday at same place, body starts preparing itself for the alcohol.
If we go drinking on a tuesday night with someone else, alcohol will have more effect

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20
Q

If Joe goes drinking every friday night at the same place with a group of friends, it starts to take longer for him to get drunk. But if he suddenly goes drinking on a tuesday night with someone else, the alcohol has a greater effect. What is this an example of?

A

Conditioned Compensatory Response

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21
Q

Conditioning in Ads

A

ppl want audience to associate it with certain feelings

ex/ car in adventurous background

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22
Q

Latent inhibition

A

Difficulty in establishing classical conditioning to a stimulus we’ve repeatedly experienced alone, without the UCS

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23
Q

Stimulus Generalization

A

Responding the same way to new stimuli that are similar to original stimulus (after learning a response)

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24
Q

Stimulus Discrimination

A

Occurs (over time) when we learn a response to a specific stimulus and can discriminate it from other similar stimuli

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25
Q

Disgust Reactions

A

The way we react to odors or foods may be shaped by classical conditioning

very hard to overcome

rooted in learning & shaped by culture

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26
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

BF Skinner

A form of instrumental learning controlled by consequences of one’s behaviour

Can learn new VOLUNTARY actions

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27
Q

What did Edward Thorndike discover?

A

study whether cats can problem solve, and found that memory is stronger when it comes with a reward (law of effect)

i.e. behaviour changes due to the consequences of action

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28
Q

Law of Effect

A

Behavior changes due to consequences of actions

If a stimulus followed by a behavior results in a reward, that stimulus is more likely to make same behavior happen again

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29
Q

Reinforcement

A

when an event following a response INCREASES their tendency to repeat that response

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30
Q

Punishment

A

when an event following a response DECREASES their tendency to repeat that response

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31
Q

Describe the differences between positive & negative reinforcemnt and punishment

A

Positive reinforcement
- smt added strengthened response

Negative reinforcement
- smt removed strengthened response

Positive punishment
- smt added weakened response

Negative punishment
- smt removed weakened response

-> it’s not the intention, it’s the RESPONSE!

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32
Q

My child is having a tantrum and I want him to stop, so I yell and scream and threaten him. He screams more. This is considered…

A) Positive reinforcement
B) Negative reinforcement
C) Positive punishment
D) Negative punishment

A

A) Positive reinforcement

33
Q

Electrifying the feet of rats, when it presses the lever, the pain stops. The rats learn to press the lever. This is considered…

A) Positive reinforcement
B) Negative reinforcement
C) Positive punishment
D) Negative punishment

A

B) Negative reinforcement

34
Q

Describe the Skinner box

A

Small animal chamber to allow sustained periods of conditioning

Behaviors are recorded unsupervised!

Goal: train rat to press lever

35
Q

Discriminative stimuli

A

Stimulus associated with the presence of reinforcement

Cues that influence operant behavior by indicating the probable consequences (reinforcement) of action

ex/ rain is discriminative stimuli that tells bird to peck at the ground

36
Q

Can we generalize and/or discriminate discriminative stimuli?

A

oui oui

37
Q

When people are hiking and hear thunder, they go seek shelter because they don’t wanna be soaked by the rain.

What is the discriminative stimuli?
Give arguments for both positive & negative reinforcement.

A

thunder, because rain usually follows

Positive reinforcement = get rained on
Negative reinforcement = remove fear of getting soaked

38
Q

Shaping

A

Process which consists of the reinforcement of closer and closer approximations to desired response

39
Q

Extinction

A

Gradual weakening and disappearance of response because it’s no longer followed by reinforcement

40
Q

Resistance to extinction

A

When one continues to respond even with no reinforcement

Possibly dependent on schedule of reinforcement

41
Q

What are the different types of reinforcement schedules?

A
  1. Continual

Intermittent schedules:
2. Fixed Ratio
3. Variable Ratio
4. Fixed Interval
5. Variable Interval

42
Q

Continual Reinforcement Schedule

A

1:1 fixed ratio

low resistance to extinction

43
Q

Fixed Ratio Reinforcement Schedule

A

Reinforcement after a certain number of responses

Higher ratio = higher response rate
(Rapid Responding)

Short pause after reinforcement

Low resistance to extinction

ex/ food stamp cards

44
Q

Variable Ratio Reinforcement Schedule

A

Reinforcement after variable number of responses around some average

Higher ratio = higher rates

Higher & steady rate without pauses

High resistance to extinction

ex/ gatcha, slot machines

45
Q

Fixed Interval Reinforcement Schedule

A

Reinforcement provided after the first response following a set amount of time

Shorter intervals = higher rates

Scalloping Effect: long pause after reinforcement

Low resistance to extinction

46
Q

Variable Interval Reinforcement Schedule

A

Reinforcement provided after the first response following a random time interval, varying randomly around some average

Shorter intervals = higher rates

Low, steady rate without pauses

High resistance to extinction

Ex/ radio shows give prize about every 4 hrs

47
Q

Which reinforcement schedule yields a scalloping effect?

A

fixed interval

48
Q

Which reinforcement schedule yield rapid responding ?

A

fixed ratio

49
Q

Which reinforcement schedules are steady / have high resistance to extinction?

A

Variable Ratio & Variable Interval

50
Q

Angela feels anxious because she worries that there’s an important message to be read on her phone. Once she checks the messages, anxiety is relieved, so she constantly checks her phone whenever the light blinks. This checking behavior is…

A) Negatively reinforced
B) Positively punished
C) Negatively punished
D) Positively reinforced

A

A) Negatively reinforced

51
Q

Phobia

A

Persistent irrational fear of specific objects or situations that pose no real danger
AND
impacts daily functioning

Biological basis: snakes & spiders used to kill ppl

52
Q

Two Process Theory

A

Require both classical & operant conditioning to explain persistence of phobias / anxiety disorders

Classical: acquisition of phobia
Operant: negative reinforcement of fear by avoiding whenever encountering it

53
Q

Treating phobias

A

Reversing the effects of conditioning through extinction

Exposure Therapy: forcing ppl to confront rather than avoid

54
Q

Joe has a dog phobia after being attacked by a dog at the beach. Having Joe encounter Whiskey at the therapist’s office, then at the beach is likely to address any chance of _____

A) rebound effect
B) spontaneous recovery
C) renewal effect
D) stimulus discrimination
E) stimulus generalization

A

Renewal Effect

55
Q

Escape or Avoidance Learning

A

process where one learns a response that could stop a bad stimulus from happening

56
Q

In a room where a shock comes after dimming lights, dog learns to jump over to safe side whenever the light dims.

This is an example of ______.
Discriminative stimuli is ______.
The dog has a conditioned fear of ____.
This fear will persist because fleeing is _____ reinforced and reduces the chances of _____.

A

Escape / Avoidance learning
Dimming lights, cuz it indicates incoming shock
Dimming lights
Negatively (cuz shock is removed)
Extinction

57
Q

Classical VS Operant Conditioning

A

Classical
- target behaviour is elicited automatically
- due to stimuli that precede the behaviour
- autonomic nervous system (ANS)

Operant
- target behaviour is emitted voluntarily
- due to consequences after behaviour
- skeletal muscles (PNS)

58
Q

Habituation

A

Learning not to respond to unimportant / repeated stimuli

59
Q

Latent learning

A

Learning something not directly observable as a behavioral change until later

Can learn even in the absence of reinforcement!

60
Q

What are some ways we can learn in the absence of reinforcement?

A

Latent learning
Observational learning
Habituation
Insight learning
etc

61
Q

Cognitive map

A

A mental representation of how physical features of environment is organized

62
Q

Observational Learning

A

Learning by watching others

When an organism’s responding is influenced by the observation models

Model behaviors can be reinforced or punished

63
Q

What are the 4 basic processes of observational learning?

A

Attention
Retention
Reproduction
Motivation

64
Q

Mirror Neuron

A

Cell in prefrontal cortex

Activated by specific motions when one performs & observes action

Very selective, only active when seeing action!

Play central role in empathy

65
Q

Diffusion Chain

A

Transmission of modeled behavior in which learners become models

Behavior passed through many people through observational learning

66
Q

Study of observational learning in animals showed that

A

Raised by humans: they paid more attention to the human model, mimic exactly what they do

not raised by humans: more likely to use tools after watching, but uses it in diff way

67
Q

Implicit Learning

A

Learning that takes place largely independent of awareness (of process and products of information acquisition)

We know but don’t really understand, can’t really explain to people

Little awareness of what we’re learning or how we learned it

ex/ learning first language, skills, habits

68
Q

Habituation is an example of what kind of learning?

A

Implicit learning

69
Q

Learning how to walk is an example of what kind of learning?

A

implicit

70
Q

Why is implicit learning unique?

A
  1. Not linked to IQ
  2. Extends into old age
  3. Not impacted by amnesia
71
Q

Insight Learning

A

grasping the underlying nature of a problem

aka problem solving

we think about the possible options even without reinforcement, do trial & error in our minds

72
Q

Does knowledge = understanding?

A

NO

73
Q

Unlearning can be _____

A

super difficult

74
Q

Neuroplasticity

A

learning occurs within neural pathways
brain constantly changing

75
Q

How do we acquire phobias?

A

genetics
preparedness
classical conditioning

76
Q

Preparedness

A

“evolutionary memories”

Evolutionary predisposition to learn some pairings of feared stimuli over others owing to survival value

Can make us likely to develop illusory correlations between provoking stimuli and negative consequences

77
Q

Instinctive Drift

A

Tendency for animals to return to innate behaviors following repeated reinforcement

78
Q

We cannot fully understand learning without considering _____ cuz they place limits to what kinds of behaviors we can train through reinforcement

A

the innate biological influences

PSYC 101 (15 decks)

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