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PSYC 101 > 6) Learning > Flashcards

6) Learning Flashcards

1
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

Pavlovian form of learning

automatically respond to a previously neutral stimulus by pairing with UCS that elicits automatic UCR

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2
Q

Learning

A

any relatively durable change in behaviour or knowledge that is due to experience

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3
Q

Ivan Pavlov

A

discovered classical conditioning through studies with dog & salivation

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4
Q

Unconditioned stimulus

A

stimulus that elicits a natural response, without conditioning

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5
Q

Unconditioned response

A

Natural behaviour in response to an unconditioned stimulus

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6
Q

Classical conditioning: what happens during the conditioning phase?

A

Neutral stimulus is paired with unconditioned stimulus
aka acquisition phase

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7
Q

Neutral Stimulus

A

some stimulus that normally causes no response

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8
Q

Classical conditioning: what happens after conditioning?

A

Neutral stimulus now causes the same automatic response (CR) as the UCS it was paired with

NS -> CS
UCR -> CR

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9
Q

Conditioned response

A

A learned association between unconditioned and neutral stimulus

Response previously associated with a UCS that is elicited by a NS thru conditioning

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10
Q

Acquisition

A

Learning phase where UCS & NS are paired and a CR is established

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11
Q

Classical conditioning: what makes associations strong during acquisition stage?

A
  • NS must come BEFORE UCS
  • Closer pairings in time make stronger associations
  • Novel stimuli are stronger than common ones
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12
Q

Does classical conditioning work if UCS and NS happen at the same time?

A

no!!

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13
Q

Extinction

A

Gradual weakening / disappearance of a CR when CS is repeatedly presented without UCS

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14
Q

Spontaneous Recovery

A

Reappearance of extinguished (extinct) response after a period of non-exposure to the CS

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15
Q

Renewal effect

A

Sudden re-emergence of a CR following extinction when an animal is returned to the envo in which CR was learned

ex/ learn here, extinct there, come back here may elicit CR

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16
Q

Higher order conditioning

A

Conditioning of a second NS by pairing it with the CS, without the original UCS

Effects not as strong

Second NS is never presented with the UCS!

ex/ bell + food, then clap + bell

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17
Q

Conditioned Taste Aversion

A

Classical conditioning can lead us to develop avoidance reactions to the taste of specific foods

Evolutionary standpoint: adaptive cuz protects us by avoiding dangerous foods

When a eating specific food (NS) is paired with food poisoning or illness (UCS) resulting in getting ill from eating spoiled food (UCR)

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18
Q

Why is conditioned taste aversion special compared to our typical classical conditioning?

A

Only require one trial to develop conditioned taste aversion

Delay between CS and UCS can be very long
(6-8 hrs)

Super duper specific food
(little evidence of stimulus generalization)

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19
Q

Conditioned Compensatory Response

A

Physiological changes that occur as a result of conditioned cues associated with a particular drug, which increases the tolerance for that drug

ex/ drinking every friday at same place, body starts preparing itself for the alcohol.
If we go drinking on a tuesday night with someone else, alcohol will have more effect

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20
Q

If Joe goes drinking every friday night at the same place with a group of friends, it starts to take longer for him to get drunk. But if he suddenly goes drinking on a tuesday night with someone else, the alcohol has a greater effect. What is this an example of?

A

Conditioned Compensatory Response

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21
Q

Conditioning in Ads

A

ppl want audience to associate it with certain feelings

ex/ car in adventurous background

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22
Q

Latent inhibition

A

Difficulty in establishing classical conditioning to a stimulus we’ve repeatedly experienced alone, without the UCS

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23
Q

Stimulus Generalization

A

Responding the same way to new stimuli that are similar to original stimulus (after learning a response)

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24
Q

Stimulus Discrimination

A

Occurs (over time) when we learn a response to a specific stimulus and can discriminate it from other similar stimuli

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25
Disgust Reactions
The way we react to odors or foods may be shaped by classical conditioning very hard to overcome rooted in learning & shaped by culture
26
Operant Conditioning
BF Skinner A form of instrumental learning controlled by consequences of one's behaviour Can learn new VOLUNTARY actions
27
What did Edward Thorndike discover?
study whether cats can problem solve, and found that memory is stronger when it comes with a reward (law of effect) i.e. behaviour changes due to the consequences of action
28
Law of Effect
Behavior changes due to consequences of actions If a stimulus followed by a behavior results in a reward, that stimulus is more likely to make same behavior happen again
29
Reinforcement
when an event following a response INCREASES their tendency to repeat that response
30
Punishment
when an event following a response DECREASES their tendency to repeat that response
31
Describe the differences between positive & negative reinforcemnt and punishment
Positive reinforcement - smt added strengthened response Negative reinforcement - smt removed strengthened response Positive punishment - smt added weakened response Negative punishment - smt removed weakened response -> it's not the intention, it's the RESPONSE!
32
My child is having a tantrum and I want him to stop, so I yell and scream and threaten him. He screams more. This is considered… A) Positive reinforcement B) Negative reinforcement C) Positive punishment D) Negative punishment
A) Positive reinforcement
33
Electrifying the feet of rats, when it presses the lever, the pain stops. The rats learn to press the lever. This is considered… A) Positive reinforcement B) Negative reinforcement C) Positive punishment D) Negative punishment
B) Negative reinforcement
34
Describe the Skinner box
Small animal chamber to allow sustained periods of conditioning Behaviors are recorded unsupervised! Goal: train rat to press lever
35
Discriminative stimuli
Stimulus associated with the presence of reinforcement Cues that influence operant behavior by indicating the probable consequences (reinforcement) of action ex/ rain is discriminative stimuli that tells bird to peck at the ground
36
Can we generalize and/or discriminate discriminative stimuli?
oui oui
37
When people are hiking and hear thunder, they go seek shelter because they don’t wanna be soaked by the rain. What is the discriminative stimuli? Give arguments for both positive & negative reinforcement.
thunder, because rain usually follows Positive reinforcement = get rained on Negative reinforcement = remove fear of getting soaked
38
Shaping
Process which consists of the reinforcement of closer and closer approximations to desired response
39
Extinction
Gradual weakening and disappearance of response because it's no longer followed by reinforcement
40
Resistance to extinction
When one continues to respond even with no reinforcement Possibly dependent on schedule of reinforcement
41
What are the different types of reinforcement schedules?
1. Continual Intermittent schedules: 2. Fixed Ratio 3. Variable Ratio 4. Fixed Interval 5. Variable Interval
42
Continual Reinforcement Schedule
1:1 fixed ratio low resistance to extinction
43
Fixed Ratio Reinforcement Schedule
Reinforcement after a certain number of responses Higher ratio = higher response rate (Rapid Responding) Short pause after reinforcement Low resistance to extinction ex/ food stamp cards
44
Variable Ratio Reinforcement Schedule
Reinforcement after variable number of responses around some average Higher ratio = higher rates Higher & steady rate without pauses High resistance to extinction ex/ gatcha, slot machines
45
Fixed Interval Reinforcement Schedule
Reinforcement provided after the first response following a set amount of time Shorter intervals = higher rates Scalloping Effect: long pause after reinforcement Low resistance to extinction
46
Variable Interval Reinforcement Schedule
Reinforcement provided after the first response following a random time interval, varying randomly around some average Shorter intervals = higher rates Low, steady rate without pauses High resistance to extinction Ex/ radio shows give prize about every 4 hrs
47
Which reinforcement schedule yields a scalloping effect?
fixed interval
48
Which reinforcement schedule yield rapid responding ?
fixed ratio
49
Which reinforcement schedules are steady / have high resistance to extinction?
Variable Ratio & Variable Interval
50
Angela feels anxious because she worries that there’s an important message to be read on her phone. Once she checks the messages, anxiety is relieved, so she constantly checks her phone whenever the light blinks. This checking behavior is... A) Negatively reinforced B) Positively punished C) Negatively punished D) Positively reinforced
A) Negatively reinforced
51
Phobia
Persistent irrational fear of specific objects or situations that pose no real danger AND impacts daily functioning Biological basis: snakes & spiders used to kill ppl
52
Two Process Theory
Require both classical & operant conditioning to explain persistence of phobias / anxiety disorders Classical: acquisition of phobia Operant: negative reinforcement of fear by avoiding whenever encountering it
53
Treating phobias
Reversing the effects of conditioning through extinction Exposure Therapy: forcing ppl to confront rather than avoid
54
Joe has a dog phobia after being attacked by a dog at the beach. Having Joe encounter Whiskey at the therapist’s office, then at the beach is likely to address any chance of _____ A) rebound effect B) spontaneous recovery C) renewal effect D) stimulus discrimination E) stimulus generalization
Renewal Effect
55
Escape or Avoidance Learning
process where one learns a response that could stop a bad stimulus from happening
56
In a room where a shock comes after dimming lights, dog learns to jump over to safe side whenever the light dims. This is an example of ______. Discriminative stimuli is ______. The dog has a conditioned fear of ____. This fear will persist because fleeing is _____ reinforced and reduces the chances of _____.
Escape / Avoidance learning Dimming lights, cuz it indicates incoming shock Dimming lights Negatively (cuz shock is removed) Extinction
57
Classical VS Operant Conditioning
Classical - target behaviour is elicited automatically - due to stimuli that precede the behaviour - autonomic nervous system (ANS) Operant - target behaviour is emitted voluntarily - due to consequences after behaviour - skeletal muscles (PNS)
58
Habituation
Learning not to respond to unimportant / repeated stimuli
59
Latent learning
Learning something not directly observable as a behavioral change until later Can learn even in the absence of reinforcement!
60
What are some ways we can learn in the absence of reinforcement?
Latent learning Observational learning Habituation Insight learning etc
61
Cognitive map
A mental representation of how physical features of environment is organized
62
Observational Learning
Learning by watching others When an organism’s responding is influenced by the observation models Model behaviors can be reinforced or punished
63
What are the 4 basic processes of observational learning?
Attention Retention Reproduction Motivation
64
Mirror Neuron
Cell in prefrontal cortex Activated by specific motions when one performs & observes action Very selective, only active when seeing action! Play central role in empathy
65
Diffusion Chain
Transmission of modeled behavior in which learners become models Behavior passed through many people through observational learning
66
Study of observational learning in animals showed that
Raised by humans: they paid more attention to the human model, mimic exactly what they do not raised by humans: more likely to use tools after watching, but uses it in diff way
67
Implicit Learning
Learning that takes place largely independent of awareness (of process and products of information acquisition) We know but don’t really understand, can’t really explain to people Little awareness of what we’re learning or how we learned it ex/ learning first language, skills, habits
68
Habituation is an example of what kind of learning?
Implicit learning
69
Learning how to walk is an example of what kind of learning?
implicit
70
Why is implicit learning unique?
1. Not linked to IQ 2. Extends into old age 3. Not impacted by amnesia
71
Insight Learning
grasping the underlying nature of a problem aka problem solving we think about the possible options even without reinforcement, do trial & error in our minds
72
Does knowledge = understanding?
NO
73
Unlearning can be _____
super difficult
74
Neuroplasticity
learning occurs within neural pathways brain constantly changing
75
How do we acquire phobias?
genetics preparedness classical conditioning
76
Preparedness
"evolutionary memories" Evolutionary predisposition to learn some pairings of feared stimuli over others owing to survival value Can make us likely to develop illusory correlations between provoking stimuli and negative consequences
77
Instinctive Drift
Tendency for animals to return to innate behaviors following repeated reinforcement
78
We cannot fully understand learning without considering _____ cuz they place limits to what kinds of behaviors we can train through reinforcement
the innate biological influences

PSYC 101 (15 decks)

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