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PSYC 101 > 5) Sleeping & Dreaming > Flashcards

5) Sleeping & Dreaming Flashcards

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1
Q

Identify the different stages of sleep and the neural activity

A

Awake - alpha & beta waves
Stage 1
- lightest sleep
- theta waves
- half awake
- hypnagogic imagery: scrambled dream-like images
- Sudden jerks of movement

Stage 2
- Sleep spindles & K complexes
(Sudden bursts of electric activity & sharp rise/fall waves)
- Breathing and heart rate even out = rhythmic
- Body temp decreases
- Muscles relax, eye movements stop

Deep sleep - Stage 3 & 4
- Slow large delta waves
- Blood temp & heart rate falls, breathing slows even more
- Sleepwalking

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2
Q

describe our sleeping pattern

A

cycle btwn diff stages (1232R232 etc)
If we stay asleep, don’t go back to stage 1
Cycle about every 90 minutes
More slow wave sleep early on
More REM sleep later as we get closer to waking

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3
Q

NREM

A

Sleep associated with stages 1 to 4, no rapid eye movement

Dreaming is less vivid and less frequent, but can still happen!
Dreams are shorter and thought-like, less emotional

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4
Q

Slow wave sleep

A

Stage 3 & 4 cuz of slow delta waves
Needed to feel fully rested
Alcohol suppresses delta wave sleep :(

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5
Q

REM

A

Sleep where brain is most active and vivid dreaming occurs most often

Dreams are emotional & illogical
Get more REM as night progresses

Activity
Low amplitude, high frequency EEG similar to stage 1
Activity increases to waking levels in brain & ANS
ex/ increased temperature, blood pressure, heart rate

Effects on muscles
Loss of muscle tone
Some muscles activity (twitch) but mostly paralyzed (Paradoxical REM)
Hypothesized it’s to protect us from acting on our dream

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6
Q

functions of REM

A
  1. Important for mental health
  2. Necessary for processing of memories

Mysteries:
How do ppl benefit from this high-energy consuming process
Why is it that drugs suppressing REM seem to produce no ill effects?
Why do babies display so much REM-like sleep?

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7
Q

Default Theory of REM

A

REM is a break btwn bouts of NREM

Maintains some awareness of external stimuli, allows us to check in with envo that would not be possible during NREM

REM prepares for wakefulness (hence the prominence of REM towards end of sleep)

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8
Q

Theories of Sleep

A
  1. Recuperation theories
    Something important happens in sleeps, it serves a function
    Being awake disrupts homeostasis, sleep restores it and recover
    ex/ energy levels, repair injuries, fight infection
  2. Adaptation theories
    No physiological functional purpose
    Circadian rhythm - Sleep is a result of 24 hour cycle scheduled by envo cues
    Evolutionary standpoint, protects us from accidents & predation
    Conserve energy
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9
Q

Free Running Rhythm

A

When not exposed to any environmental cues, still maintain approximately 24 hour cycle through evolution

Body show same biological patterns, rlly hard to mess with circadian rhythm

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10
Q

Circadian rhythm

A

Sleep is a result of 24 hour cycle scheduled by envo cues

rlly hard to mess it up

Biological clock: SCN in hypothalamus that controls our alertness

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11
Q

Comparative analysis of sleep

A
  1. Sleep does serve a physiological function
    Not just to protect from predators
  2. Sleep not only for higher order human function
    Doesn’t only serve to release emotions to ensure good mental health
  3. Sleep needed for survival but not in great amounts
    Less during migration, mating, no food, etc
    Sleep more in captivity cuz don’t have to look for food or worry about being hunted
  4. No strong relationship between sleep length & body size, energy use, temp
    Carnivores sleep the most, then omnivores, then herbivores sleep least
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12
Q

What are the general effects of not sleeping properly?

A

Physical health
Impaired immune system
Increased heart rate (sympathetic nervous system activation)
Hormone dysregulation (appetite)

Mental health
Cognitive impairment, attention deficit
Memory lapse / loss
Hallucination

Emotional health
Irritable, anxious
Inability to handle stress

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13
Q

Total sleep deprivation

A

Skip entire night of sleep
Know that we feel terrible
Leads to increased efficiency to get stage 3 & 4 sleep

  1. Regain most of stage 3 sleep
    more slow wave sleep, even in naps
    Less stage 1 & 2
  2. Adjust to get same amount of slow wave sleep
    Tells us slow wave sleep is important
  3. Waking during stages 3 & 4 cause sleepiness, but waking during REM does not
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14
Q

Chronic sleep restriction

A

Less sleep than normal or optimal
Same as deprivation but less self awareness
(report feeling normal, but can see deficits if tested)

Effects found in Human Experiments:

  1. Sleepier
    - Fall asleep quickly if given the chance
    - Can encounter microsleeps
  2. Disturbed mood
  3. Poor vigilance
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15
Q

micro sleeps

A

nodding off, really short sleeps

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16
Q

Chronic sleep disruption

A

Sleep length is fine, but repeated disruptions, always waking up
Same effects as deprivation but more severe & chronic

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17
Q

What are 3 ways of not sleeping properly

A

total sleep deprivation
chronic sleep restriction
chronic sleep disruption

18
Q

Rem deprivation studies

A

Deprive one of REM sleep by waking each time a bout of REM begins

  1. Greater tendency to initiate REM cuz been deprived of it
  2. Greater than normal amounts of REM sleep during subsequent nights of sleep
    (REM rebound)
19
Q

What is a confound that affects our sleep?

A

stress!

20
Q

What is the ideal amount of sleep?

A

7-8 hours is ideal
Shorter sleepers and longer sleepers were correlated with greater risk for mortality

21
Q

Common beliefs about dreaming

A
  1. External stimuli become incorporated into dreams
    - Most stimuli are neither incorporated into dream nor elicit behavioral response
    - Certain stimuli more likely to be incorporated
    (Spraying water, pressure on limbs, meaningful words)
  2. Sleeptalking and sleepwalking (somnambulism) occur during dreams
    - Dreaming usually in REM, that’s when we are paralyzed
    - Sleep talking can happen at any stage, but likely early stages (waking up or REM)
    - Sleepwalking typically happen in slow wave sleep
  3. Dreaming only occurs in REM
    - Dreaming actually occurs in stages 1, 2, & 3 too
    - More thoughtful, shorter, less vivid, not typically what we remember
    - Dreaming happens without REM, and REM happens without dreaming
22
Q

Why do we dream?

A
  1. Activation Synthesis Theory
    - Brain trying to make sense of its own random activity during sleep (cuz pons transmit random signals -> thalamus -> forebrain)
  2. Virtual Trainer
    - Dreaming stimulates the brain, allows us to practice things from real world in mind (simulation)
  3. Attempt to organize unconsciously reactivated memories
    - becomes some kind of story
23
Q

Lucid dreaming

A

Feel like we awake and have control over the dream
Can stimulate with gamma rays to increase likelihood to enter lucid dreams
Can actually practice some skill and improve

24
Q

Dream protection theory

A

Manifest and latent content
Dreams help keep sexual & aggressive instincts at bay by repressing them

25
Q

Neurocognitive theory of sleep

A

Dreams are a meaningful product of our cognitive capabilities, supported by brain’s default network

26
Q

Dream continuity hypothesis

A

There is continuity between sleeping & waking experiences
Dreams can mirror life circumstances

27
Q

Describe the different types of sleeping disorders

A

Insomnia
Hard to fall and stay asleep
Most common
Due to stress, relationship problems, illness, etc

Narcolepsy
Disorder where we suddenly fall asleep unexpectedly (-> REM)
Cataplexy when emotionally engaged

Sleep Apnea
Snoring disorder due to blocked airway
Makes us wake up during the night (not aware) and be tired in the morning

Night Terrors
Suddenly wake up screaming, sweating, and confused before returning to deep sleep
Usually in children, doesn’t remember in morning

Sleepwalking
Walking while fully asleep
Usually in NREM
Likely happen if deprived of sleep
Can be used as a legal defense

28
Q

Insomnia

A

Hard to fall and stay asleep
Most common

Due to stress, relationship problems, illness, etc

ex/ waking too early, waking during the night, can’t fall asleep

29
Q

Narcolepsy

A

Disorder where we suddenly fall asleep unexpectedly (-> REM)

Cataplexy when emotionally engaged
(Complete loss of muscle tone, fall like a doll but is aware the whole time)

30
Q

Sleep Apnea

A

Snoring disorder due to blocked airway

Makes us wake up during the night (not aware) and be tired in the morning

Overweight, lack of oxygen, enlarged tonsils

31
Q

Night Terrors

A

Suddenly wake up screaming, sweating, and confused before returning to deep sleep

Usually in children, doesn’t remember in morning

32
Q

Sleepwalking

A

Walking while fully asleep
Usually in NREM and harmless, safe to wake them up

Seems like normal person but clumsier
Likely happen if deprived of sleep

Can be used as a legal defense
Sexsomnia = engage in sexual activity & don’t remember

33
Q

Name the alterations of consciousness

A

Hallucinations
Realistic perceptions in the absence of external stimuli
Can occur in any of our senses, even when not taking drugs or psychological problems

Out of Body Experience (OBE)
Sense of consciousness leaving body
Seems like floating above, watching self move

Near Death Experience (NDE)
OBE reported by people who nearly died or thought they were gonna die

Mystical Experience
Feel united with the world, spiritually

Deja Vu
Feeling of reliving an experience that’s new

Hypnosis
Interpersonal situation where imaginative suggestions are administered for changes in consciousness

34
Q

Hallucinations

A

Realistic perceptions in the absence of external stimuli
Can occur in any of our senses
Can happen even when not taking drugs or psychological problems

35
Q

Out of Body Experience

A

Sense of consciousness leaving body
Seems like floating above, watching self move

36
Q

Near Death Experience

A

OBE reported by people who nearly died or thought they were gonna die

37
Q

Mystical Experience

A

feel united with world, spiritually

38
Q

Deja vu

A

feeling of reliving a new experience

39
Q

Hypnosis

A

Interpersonal situation where imaginative suggestions are administered for changes in consciousness

40
Q

Myths about hypnosis

A
  1. Hypnosis produces a trance state where amazing things happen
    - People can willingly resist and oppose hypnotic suggestions
  2. Hypnotic phenomena are unique
    - People can experience many hypnotic phenomena when they receive suggestions without hypnosis
  3. Hypnosis is a sleep-like state
  4. Unaware of surroundings
  5. Forget what happened during hypnosis
  6. Hypnosis enhances memory
    - increase the amount of info we recall, but is mostly inaccurate
41
Q

Theories of hypnosis

A

Social Cognitive theory
Approach that explains hypnosis based on people’s attitudes, beliefs, and expectations

Dissociation theory
Approach based on separation between personality functions that are normally well integrated

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