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Psychology > 7. Learning > Flashcards

7. Learning Flashcards

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1
Q

What is learning?

A

Acquisition of knowledge that results in a permanent change of state in the learner

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2
Q

What is habituation?

A

Repeated exposure to a stimulus results in a gradual response in responding

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3
Q

What is sensitization?

A

Presentation of a stimulus leads to an increased response to a later stimulus

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4
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A

Neutral stimulus produces a response after being paired with a stimulus that naturally produces a response

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5
Q 
What are:
Unconditioned stimulus
Conditioned stimulus
Unconditioned response
Conditioned response
A

US: produces a natural reaction
CS: previously neutral stimulus that produces response when paired with US
UR: reflexive reaction produced by US
CR: resembles UR but produced by CS

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6
Q

What is acquisition?

A

Phase of CC when CS and US are presented together

Learning starts low, rises rapidly, tapers off

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7
Q

What is second order conditioning?

A

CS is paired with a stimulus that became associated with the US in an earlier procedure

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8
Q

What is extinction?

A

Elimination of a learned response that occurs when the CS is repeatedly presented without the US

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9
Q

What is spontaneous recovery?

A

Learned behaviour recovers from extinction after a rest period and second rest period

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10
Q

What is generalization?

A

CR is observed even when the CS is slightly different from the CS used during acquisition

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11
Q

What is discrimination?

A

Capacity to distinguish between similar but distinct stimuli

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12
Q

Little Albert?

A

No fear of rat until paired with steel bar struck

Goal: complex reaction can be conditioned, and emotional responses need not be product of deeper unconscious processes

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13
Q

Why didn’t Pavlov’s dog salivate for Pavlov?

A

Didn’t have a reliable link with food

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14
Q

What is Rescorla-Wagner model?

A

Conditioning is easier when the CS is an unfamiliar event than when it is familiar

Conditioning occurs when there is an expectation

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15
Q

What happens when link between midbrain and amygdala cut?

A

No fear response

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16
Q

What part of brain lights up during eyeblink test?

A

Cerebellum

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17
Q

How is conditioning evolutionary?

A

Any species foraging for food needs to develop a quick mechanism by which it can learn to avoid food

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18
Q

Why isn’t it easy to produce food aversion in birds?

A

They are insensitive to taste and smell

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19
Q

What is biological preparedness?

A

A propensity for learning particular kinds of association over others.
Cancer patients eat unusual foods before treatment and develop aversion to them instead of regular food

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20
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

A type of learning in which the consequences of an organism’s behaviour determine whether it will be repeated in the future

Active behaviours

21
Q

Why did Thorndike create a puzzle box?

A

Studying instrumental behaviours: behvaiour that required an organism to do something.

Developed law of effect: behaviours that are followed by a satisfying state of affairs tend to be repeated and the opposite, no

22
Q

What is operant behaviour?

A

Behaviour that an organism produces that has some impact on the environment

Most organisms actively engage the environment to get benefits

23
Q

What is a reinforcer?

What is a punisher?

What is negative reinforcement?
What is negative punishment?
Pos reinforcement?
Pos punishment?

A

A stimulus that increases the likelihood of the behaviour that led to it

A stimulus that decreases that likelihood

Removing the unpleasant stimulus
Removing the rewarding stimulus
Presenting rewarding stimulus
Presenting unpleasant stimulus

24
Q

Why is reinforcement more effective than punishment for learning?

A

Punishment doesn’t specify what should be done instead

25
Q

When should reinforcement be applied?

A

The longer the delay between behaviour and reward, the less effective the reinforcement

26
Q

How is extinction different in operant conditioning?

A

In OC reinforcements only occur when proper response is made, and not even always
Depends how reinforcement is received
Not every trip produces nuts
US occurs no matter outcome or action

27
Q

What happened when Skinner used intermittent feeding schedule?

A

Rats continued bar pressing but shifted rate and pattern of bar pressing based on timing and frequency of reinforcers

28
Q

What are the schedules of reinforcement?

A

Fixed interval: fixed times when appropriate response made. Burst of response at end of interval. Students studying
Variable interval: average time when appropriate response made. Consistent responding because unpredictable. Radio giveaways
Fixed ratio: after specific number of responses. Book club freebies
Variable ratio: average number of responses. Slot machines. Most effective. Higher the ratio, higher the response rate

29
Q

What is the intermittent reinforcement effect?

A

Operant behaviours that are maintained under intermittent reinforcement schedules resist extinction better than those maintained under continuous reinforcement

30
Q

What is shaping?

A

Learning that results from the reinforcement of successive steps to a final desired behaviour

The outcome of one set of behaviours shape the next set of behaviours

Each behaviour is a successive approximation to the final product

31
Q

What is superstitious behaviour?

A

Repeated behaviour reinforced by reinforcer when it’s only an accidental correlation

32
Q

What is the cognitive element of operant conditioning?

A

Latent learning doesn’t require reinforcement
Change doesn’t happen until later
Learners develop cognitive map of the environment usable even after conditions change. Stymies behaviourists that said all learning requires reinforcement

33
Q

What is neural element of operant learning?

A

Pleasure centres
Medial forebrain bundle
Dopaminergic

34
Q

What are evolutionary elements of operant conditioning?

A

Rats look for food where they haven’t looked before, not in same place

35
Q

What is observational learning?

A

Watching others
Hand on stove
Bobo
Animals too

36
Q

Do chimps raised in a human environment have better cognitive abilities of imitation?

A

Yes

37
Q

Where do mirror neurons fire when watching?

A

Fire in areas 44 frontal lobe and 40 parietal lobe

Action areas

38
Q

What is implicit learning?

A

Unaware learning
Habituation
Grammar testing

39
Q

What are the brain activity differences in explicit and implicit learning?

A

Explicit: increased brain activity in frontal cortex, parietal cortex, hippocampus

Implicit: decrease in occipital region

40
Q

Which techniques are worst for learning?

Best?

A

Highlighting, rereading, summarizing, visual mnemonics,

Practice testing, distributed practice

41
Q

What happens with a judgement of learning?

A

Causal influence on learning. People devote more time to studying items they judge they haven’t learned well. Often inaccurate

42
Q

True or false: neural research indicates that observational learning is closely tied to brain areas that are involved in action

A

True

43
Q

True or false? Complex behaviours cannot be accounted for by operant conditioning

A

True

44
Q

True or false: like classical conditioning, operant conditioning is free from explanations involving the mind

A

True

45
Q

What are primary and secondary reinforcers?

A

Biological needs and extrinsic satisfaction or Association with primary reinforcers through conditioning
Police lights

46
Q

How are discrimination and generalization different under operant conditioning?

A

Similar

Pigeons choosing Monet over Picasso were reinforced

47
Q

What did Tolman say about the conditioning experience?

A

It produces a belief that a reward will appear if a specific response is made

48
Q

What are the three elements of operant learning?

A

Cognitive
Neural
Evolutionary

49
Q

What was Thorndike’s law of effect?

A

A behaviour that has a pleasing response will be repeated and vice versa

Psychology (15 decks)

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