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Psychology > 3. Neurscience and Behaviour > Flashcards

3. Neurscience and Behaviour Flashcards

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1
Q

Neurons

A

Cells in the nervous system that communicate with one another to perform information-processing tasks

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2
Q

Cell soma

A

The part of a neuron that coordinates information-processing tasks and keeps the cells alive

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3
Q

Dendrites

A

The part of a neuron that receives information from other neurons and relays it to the cell body

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4
Q

Axon

A

The part of a neuron that carries information to other neurons, muscles, or glands

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5
Q

Synapse

A

The junction or region between the axon of one neuron and the dendrites or cell body of another

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6
Q

Myelin sheath

A

An insulating layer of fatty material

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7
Q

Glial cells

A

Support cells found in the nervous system

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8
Q

Sensory neurons

A

Neurons that receive information from the external world and convey this information to the brain via the spinal cord

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9
Q

Motor neurons

A

Neurons that carry signals from the spinal cord to the muscles to produce movement

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10
Q

Interneurons

A

Neurons that connect sensory neurons, motor neurons, or other interneurons

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11
Q

Resting potential

A

The difference in electric charge between the inside and outside of a neuron’s cell membrane

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12
Q

Action potential

A

An electric signal that is conducted along a neuron’s axon to a synapse

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13
Q

Terminal buttons

A

Knoblike structures that branch out from an axon

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14
Q

Neurotransmitters

A 
Chemicals that transmit information across the synapse to a receiving neuron's dendrites
Acetylcholine
Dopamine
Glutamate
Serotonin
Norepinephrine
Endorphins
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15
Q

Receptors

A

Parts of the cell membrane that receive the neurotransmitter and initiate or prevent a new electric signal

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16
Q

Agonists

A

Drugs that increase the action of a neurotransmitter

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17
Q

Antagonists

A

Drugs that block the function of a neurotransmitter

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18
Q

Nervous system

A

An interacting network of neurons that conveys electrochemical information throughout the body

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19
Q

Central nervous system

A

The part of the nervous system that is composed of the brain and spinal cord

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20
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

The part of the nervous system that connects the central nervous system to the body’s organs and muscles

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21
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

A set of nerves that conveys information between voluntary muscles and CNS

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22
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

A set of nerves that carries involuntary and automatic commands that control blood vessels, body organs, and glands

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23
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

A set of nerves that prepares the body for action in challenging or threatening situation

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24
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

A set of nervous that helps the body return to a normal resting state

25
Q

Spinal reflexes

A

Simple pathways in the nervous system that rapidly generate muscle contractions

26
Q

Hindbrain

A

An area of the brain that coordinates information coming into and out of the spinal cord

27
Q

Medulla

A

An extension of the spinal cord into the skull that coordinates heart rate, circulation, and respiration

28
Q

Reticular formation

A

A brain structure that regulates sleep, wakefulness, and levels of arousal

29
Q

Cerebellum

A

A large structure of the hindbrain that controls fine motor skills

30
Q

Pons

A

A brain structure that relays information from the cerebellum to the rest of the brain

31
Q

Subcortical structures

A

Areas of the forebrain housed under the cerebral cortex near the very centre of the brain

32
Q

Thalamus

A

A subcortical structure that relays and filters information from the senses and transmits the information to the cerebral cortex
Filters sensory information
Shuts pathways during sleep

33
Q

Hypothalamus

A

A subcortical structure that regulates body temperature, hunger, thirst, and sexual behaviour
Lesions result in overeating or lack of appetite

34
Q

Pituitary gland

A

The master gland of the body’s hormone-producing system, which releases hormones that direct the functions of many other glands in the body
Adrenocorticotropic hormone activates sympathetic nervous system

35
Q

Hippocampus

A

A structure critical for creating new memories and integrating them into a network of knowledge so that they can be stored indefinitely in other parts of the cerebral cortex

36
Q

Amygdala

A

A part of the limbic system that plays a central role in many emotional processes, particularly the formation of emotional memories

37
Q

Basal ganglia

A

A set of subcortical structures that directs intentional movements

38
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

The outermost layer of the brain, visible to the naked eye and divided into two hemispheres
Corpus callosum, occipital lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, frontal lobe

39
Q

Corpus callosum

A

A thick band of nerve fibers that connects large areas of the cerebral cortex on each side of the brain and supports communication of information across the hemispheres

40
Q

Occipital lobe

A

A region of the cerebral cortex that processes visual information

41
Q

Parietal lobe

A

A region of the cerebral cortex whose functions include processing information about touch

42
Q

Temporal lobe

A

A region of the cerebral cortex responsible for hearing and language

43
Q

Frontal lobe

A

A region of the cerebral cortex that has specialized areas for movement, abstract thinking, planning, memory, and judgement
Sets humans apart from other species

44
Q

Association areas

A

Areas of the cerebral cortex that are composed of neurons that help provide sense and meaning to information registered in the cortex

45
Q

Mirror neurons

A

Neurons that are active when an animal performs a behaviour, such as reaching for or manipulating an object, and are also activated when another animal observes that animal performing the same behaviour

46
Q

Gene

A

The major unit of hereditary transmission

47
Q

Chromosomes

A

Strands of DNA wound around each other in a double-helix configuration

48
Q

Epigenetics

A

Environmental influences that determine whether or not genes are expressed, without altering the basic DNA sequences that constitute the genes themselves

49
Q

Where is language processed?

A

Largely in the left hemisphere

50
Q

Midbrain

A

Tegmentum and tectum

51
Q

Hindbrain

A

Reticular formation, medulla, cerebellum, pons

52
Q

Forebrain

A

Subcortical structures, cerebral cortex

53
Q

Contralateral control

A

One side of the brain controls the other side of the body

54
Q

Somatosensory cortex

A

Represents the skin areas on the contralateral surface of the body
Behind motor cortex

55
Q

Motor cortex

A

Initiates voluntary movements
Sends messages to basal ganglia, cerebellum, spinal cord
In front of somatosensory cortex
Different parts correspond to different body parts

56
Q

Homunculus

A

Little man

57
Q

Giri and sulci

A

Smooth and indentations on brain

58
Q

Amphetamine

A

Stimulates release of norepinephrine and dopamine

Psychology (15 decks)

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