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Psychology > 6. Memory > Flashcards

6. Memory Flashcards

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1
Q

What is encoding?

A

The process of transforming what we perceive, think, or feel into an enduring memory

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2
Q

What is storage?

A

The process of maintaining information in memory over time

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3
Q

What is retrieval?

A

The process of bringing to mind information hat has been previously encoded and stored

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4
Q

How are memories made?

A

By combining information we already have in our brains with new information that comes in through our senses

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5
Q

What is semantic encoding?

A

The process of relating new information in a meaningful way to knowledge that is already stored in memory.

Associated with increased activity in the lower left part of the frontal lobe and the inner part of the left temporal lobe. The more activity, the more likely the person will remember

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6
Q

What is visual imagery encoding?

A

The process of storing new information by converting it into mental pictures
New info related to knowledge already in memory
Placeholders: verbal and visual
Occipital lobe is active for visual

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7
Q

How does visual imagery encoding help memory?

A

Creating visual images of items on a list helped recall twice as many items as just repeating the words

  1. Also creates two different placeholders for the items, verbal and visual
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8
Q

What is organizational encoding?

A

The process of categorizing information according to the relationships among a series of items: furniture, fruit, animals
Different areas of brain
Hierarchical

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9
Q

What is survival related encoding?

A

Information relevant to our survival

Draws on elements of semantic, visual imagery, and organizational encoding, encourages planning

Natural selection

Stranded experiment

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10
Q

What is sensory memory?

A

Storage holding sensory information for a few seconds or less

Tone experiment

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11
Q

What happened when researchers played a tone while flashing letters on a screen?

A

Participants were able to encode each row based on the tone, slipping away after a delay

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12
Q

What are the two kinds of sensory memory?

A

Iconic memory is a fast decaying store of visual memory. 1 second.

Echoic memory is a fast decaying store of auditory information. 5 seconds.

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13
Q

What is short term memory?

A

Holds nonsensory information for more than a few seconds but less than a minute. 15-20 seconds

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14
Q

What is rehearsal?

A

The process of keeping information in short-term by mentally repeating it

Limited to 7 items
Extend 15-20 seconds

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15
Q

What is chunking?

A

Combining small pieces of information into larger clusters of chunks that are more easily held in short term memory

Waitress

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16
Q

What is working memory?

A

Active maintenance of information in short term storage

Ex.: Chess board

Can be trained

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17
Q

What is long term memory?

A

Memory holding information for hours, days, years

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18
Q

What role does the hippocampus play?

A

Index linking all of the separate sensorial and emotional bits of memories

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19
Q

What is anterograde amnesia?

A

Inability to transfer new information from the short term store into the long term store

Hippocampus damaged

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20
Q

What is retrograde amnesia?

A

Inability to retrieve information that was acquired before a particular date

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21
Q

What is memory consolidation?

A

The process by which memories become stable in the brain

Car crash prevents consolidation of short term memory into long term

Recalling, talking about consolidates it

22
Q

What is reconsolidation?

A

Memories can become vulnerable to disruption when they are recalled, thus requiring them to be reconsolidated

23
Q

How does sending neurotransmitters across the synapse change the synapse?

A

It strengthens the connection between the two neurons, making it easier to transmit to each other the next time

->Long term potentiation: communication across the synapse between neurons strengthens the connection, making further communication easier

Rats lost in a maze

24
Q

What does the encoding specificity principle state?

A

A retrieval cue can serve as an effective reminder when it helps to re-create the specific way in which information was initially encoded

Divers

25
Q

Whet is state-dependent retrieval?

A

The tendency for information to be better recalled when the person is in the same state during encoding and retrieval

Emotions

26
Q

What is transfer-appropriate processing?

A

The idea that memory is likely to transfer from one situation to another when the encoding and retrieval contexts of the situations match

27
Q

What is retrieval-induced forgetting?

A

Selectively talking about some aspects of memories, making it harder to remember omitted events

Competitors suppressed by frontal lobe

When witnesses to a staged crime are questioned about details, their ability to recall related details that they were not asked about is impaired

28
Q

How does the brain activate during retrieval?

A

Trying: left frontal lobe
Success: hippocampal region and associated sensorial region
Repression of competitor: frontal lobe

29
Q

What is explicit memory?

A

Conscious or intentional retrieval of past experiences

In long term memory

Hippocampus

30
Q

What is implicit memory?

A

When past experiences influence later behaviour and performance, even without an effort to remember those experiences or an awareness of the recollection

In long term memory

31
Q

What is procedural memory?

A

A type of implicit memory which is the gradual acquisition of skills as a result of practice.

Knowing how to do things.

Doesn’t require hippocampal structures (amnesia)

32
Q

What is priming?

A

An enhanced ability to think of a stimulus as a result of recent exposure to the stimulus

Fill in the blank tests
Fragmented drawings test

Doesn’t require hippocampus
Less involvement of occipital lobe and frontal lobe, saving processing time

33
Q

What is semantic memory?

A

A network of associated facts and concepts that make up our general knowledge of the world

Hippocampus not necessary

34
Q

What is episodic memory?

A

The collection of past personal experiences that occurred at a particular time and place

Time travel
Planning future
Allows recombining of elements of past experience to mentally try out different versions of what might happen

In hippocampus, medial temporal lobe
Effects of aging

35
Q

What is collaborative memory?

A

How people remember in groups

Remembering as a collaborative group leads to greater recall than would be achieved by any single member of the group, but less than the total produced by all the individuals remembering on their own

Leading to collaborative inhibition

36
Q

What is transience?

A

Forgetting with time.

Retroactive interference: situations in which later learning impairs memory for information acquired earlier
Weekly activities

Proactive interference: situations in which earlier learning impairs memory for information acquired later

37
Q

What is absentmindedness?

A

A lapse in attention that results in memory failure
Cello

Prospective memory: remembering to do things in the future

38
Q

What is blocking?

A

A failure to retrieve information that is available in memory even though you are trying to produce it

Why names of people and places?
Because their links to related concepts and knowledge are weaker than for common names

Block less often on descriptive names than arbitrary ones

Damage to Left temporal lobe on the surface of the cortex, result of stroke

39
Q

What is memory misattribution?

A

Assigning a recollection or idea to the wrong source. Confusing culprits

Source memory: recall of when, where, and how information was acquired. Déjà vu

Frontal lobe damage

40
Q

How to reduce false recognition?

A

Choice between correct and similar

Region: left hippocampus

41
Q

What is suggestibility?

A

The tendency to incorporate misleading information from external sources into personal recollections

42
Q

What is bias?

A

The distorting influences of present knowledge, beliefs, and feelings on recollection of previous experiences

43
Q

What is persistence?

A

The intrusive recollection of events that we wish we could forget

Flashbulb memories: detailed recollections of when and where we heard about shocking events

Amygdala involvement

44
Q

What part of the brain activates during semantic encoding?

A

Increased activity in lower left part of frontal lobe and inner part of left temporal lobe.
More activity present, the more likely person will remember

45
Q

Flow of information through the memory system?

Diagram

A 
Sensory input...
Sensory memory (unattended information is lost)...
With attention ->Short term memory ->stays in memory with maintenance rehearsal (unrehearsed information is lost)...
With encoding ->long term memory (some information may be lost over time)
With retrieval returns to short term memory
46
Q

What did the fact that HM had worse anterograde than retrograde amnesia suggest?

A

Hippocampus is not site of long term memory. Memory is stored in different places in the cortex

47
Q

What happened when an anxiety reducing drug was administered before a traumatic event was reactivated?

A

Reduction in traumatic symptoms

48
Q

What happened when people studied and studied vs studied and tested?

A

At 5 minutes, S/S had higher recall 0.8 units
2 days, S/T had almost double 0.7 units
1 week, S/T more than double 0.6 units

49
Q

What’s the difference between trying to recall and successfully recalling?

A

Trying: left frontal lobe
Success: hippocampus and sensory areas

50
Q

Do people with hippocampal amnesia have difficulty imagining new experiences?

A

Yes

Psychology (15 decks)

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