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Psychology > 2. Methods > Flashcards

2. Methods Flashcards

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1
Q

Empiricism

A

The belief that accurate knowledge can be acquired through observation

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2
Q

Scientific method

A

A procedure for finding truth by using empirical evidence

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3
Q

Theory

A

A hypothetical explanation of a natural phenomenon

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4
Q

Empirical method

A

A set of rules and techniques for observation

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5
Q

Operational definition

A

A description of a property in concrete, measurable terms

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6
Q

Instrument

A

Anything that can detect the condition to which an operational definition refers

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7
Q

Validity

A

The goodness with which a concrete event defines a property

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8
Q

Reliability

A

The tendency for an instrument to produce the same measurement whenever it is used to measure the same thing

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9
Q

Power

A

An instrument’s ability to detect small magnitudes of the property

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10
Q

Demand characteristics

A

Those aspects of an observational setting that cause people to behave as they think someone else wants or expects

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11
Q

Naturalistic observation

A

A technique for gathering scientific information by unobtrusively observing people in their natural environments

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12
Q

Double-blind

A

An observation whose true purpose is hidden from both the observer and the person being observed

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13
Q

Variable

A

A property whose value can vary across individuals or over time

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14
Q

Correlation

A

Two variables are said to be correlated when variations in the value of one variable are synchronized with variations in the value of the other

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15
Q

Natural correlation

A

A correlation observed in the world around us

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16
Q

Third-variable correlation

A

Two variables are correlated only because each is causally related to a third variable

17
Q

Third-variable problem

A

The fact that a causal relationship between two variables cannot be inferred from the naturally occurring correlation between them because of the ever-present possibility of third-variable correlation

18
Q

Experiment

A

A technique for establishing the causal relationship between variables

19
Q

Manipulation

A

Changing a variable in order to determine its causal power

20
Q

Independent variable

A

The variable that is manipulated in an experiment

21
Q

Experimental group

A

The group of people who are exposed to a particular manipulation, as compared to the control group, in an experiment

22
Q

Control group

A

The group of people who are not exposed to the particular manipulation, as compared to the experimental group, in an experiment

23
Q

Dependent variable

A

The variable that is measured in a study

24
Q

Self-selection

A

A problem that occurs when anything about a person determines whether he or she will be included in the experimental or control group

25
Q

Random assignment

A

A procedure that lets chance assign people to the experimental or control group

26
Q

Internal validity

A

An attribute of an experiment that allows it to establish causal relationships

27
Q

External validity

A

An attribute of an experiment in which variables have been defined in a normal, typical, or realistic way

28
Q

Population

A

A complete collection of participants who might possibly be measured

29
Q

Sample

A

A partial collection of people drawn from a population

30
Q

Case method

A

A procedure for gathering scientific information by studying a single individual

31
Q

Random sampling

A

A technique for choosing participants that ensures that every member of a population has an equal chance of being included in the sample

32
Q

Informed consent

A

A written agreement to participate in a study made by an adult who has been informed of all the risks that participation may entail

33
Q

Debriefing

A

A verbal description of the true nature and purpose of a study

34
Q

Ethical code

A 
Informed consent
Freedom from coercion
Protection from harm
Risk-benefit analysis
Deception
Debriefing
Confidentiality
35
Q

What are Animal rights?

A

All procedures involving animals must be supervised by psychologists who are trained in research methods and experienced in the care of lab animals and who are responsible for ensuring appropriate consideration of the animal’s needs

Psychologists must make reasonable effort to minimize discomfort

Psychologists may use a procedure that subjects an animal to pain, stress, or privation only when an alternative procedure is unavailable

Psychologists must perform all surgical procedures under anesthesia

Psychology (15 decks)

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