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Psychology > 12. Social Psychology > Flashcards

12. Social Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

Frustration-aggression hypothesis

A

A principle stating that animals aggress when their desires are frustrated

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2
Q

Common knowledge effect

A

The tendency for group discussions to focus on information that all members share

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3
Q

Group polarization

A

The tendency for groups to make decisions that are more extreme than any member would have made alone

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4
Q

Groupthink

A

The tendency for groups to reach consensus in order to facilitate interpersonal memory

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5
Q

Deindividuation

A

A phenomenon that occurs when immersion in a group causes people to become less aware of their individual values

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6
Q

Diffusion of responsibility

A

The tendency for individuals to feel diminished responsibility for their actions when they are surrounded by others who are acting the same way

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7
Q

Bystander intervention

A

The act of helping strangers in an emergency situation

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8
Q

Altriusm

A

Behaviour that benefits another without benefiting onseself

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9
Q

Kin selection

A

The process by which evolution selects for individuals who cooperate with their relatives

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10
Q

Reciprocal altriusm

A

Behaviour that benefits another with the expectation that those benefits will be returned in the future

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11
Q

Mere exposure effect

A

The tendency for liking to increase with the frequency of exposure

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12
Q

Social exchange

A 
The hypothesis that people remain in relationships only as long as they perceive a favorable ratio of costs to benefits
Factors:
Alternatives available
Different from partner’s
Resources invested
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13
Q

Social influence

A

The control of one person’s behaviour by another
Motivations:
Hedonism: drunk drivers
Approval: norms, conformity, obedience
Believe what is right and avoid believing what is wrong (Accuracy motive): laugh tracks, lineups outside clubs,

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14
Q

Norms

A

Customary standards for behaviour that are widely shared by members of a culture

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15
Q

Norm of reciprocity

A

The unwritten rule that people should benefit those who have benefitted from them

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16
Q

Normative influence

A

A phenomenon that occurs when another person’s behaviour provides information about what is appropriate

17
Q

Conformity

A

The tendency to do what others do simply because others are doing it

18
Q

Attitude

A

An enduring positive or negative evaluation of an object or event

19
Q

Belief

A

An enduring piece of knowledge about an object or event

20
Q

Informational influence

A

A phenomenon that occurs when another person’s behaviour provides information about what is true

21
Q

Persuasion

A

A phenomenon that occurs when a person’s attitudes or beliefs are influenced by a communication from another person

22
Q

Systematic persuasion

A

The process by which attitudes or beliefs are changed by appeals to reason

23
Q

Heuristic persuasion

A

The process by which attitudes or beliefs are changed by appeals to habit or emotion

24
Q

Cognitive dissonance

A

An unpleasant state that arises when a person recognizes the inconsistency of his or her actions, attitudes or beliefs
Voter signs
Doesn’t happen when small inconsistencies are justified by large inconsistencies
Alleviated by restoring consistency among one’s actions, attitudes, beliefs

25
Q

Social cognition

A

The processes by which people come to understand others

26
Q

Stereotyping

A

The process by which people draw inferences about people based on their knowledge of the categories to which those people belong
Inaccurate, (Jews) overused, (artists) self-perpetuating, (basketball players) unconscious (guns)

27
Q

Perceptual confirmation

A

The tendency for people to see what they expect to see

28
Q

Self-fulfilling prophecy

A

The tendency for people to behave as they are expected to behave

29
Q

Attribution

A

An inference about the cause of a person’s behaviour

30
Q

Correspondence bias

A

The tendency to make dispositional attributions instead of situational attributions

31
Q

Actor-observer effect

A

The tendency to make situational attributions for our own behaviours while making dispositional attributions for the identical behaviour of others

32
Q

When do women get aggressive?

A

Challenge to resources

33
Q

Prejudice

A

Positive or negative evaluation of another based on their membership in a group

34
Q

What are good predictors of marriage?

A

Similarities in Education, religion, ethnicity, socioeconomic, personality

35
Q

Why is similarity attractive?

A

Easy interaction
Validation of beliefs in common
Being liked back

Psychology (15 decks)

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