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Psychology > 10. Development > Flashcards

10. Development Flashcards

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1
Q

Germinal stage

A

2-week period of prenatal development beginning at conception
Zygote divides
Zygote travels back down fallopian tube

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2
Q

Embryonic stage

A

Period of prenatal development lasting from second week until 8th week
Cells differentiate structures
Heart
Arms and legs
Testosterone production creates male reproductive organs

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3
Q

Fetal stage

A

Period of prenatal development lasting from 9th week until birth
Skeleton and muscles
Insulating fat layer
Digestive and respiratory systems mature
Brain cells divide and create axons and dendrites
Myelination
Newborn brain 25% adult size

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4
Q

Teratogens

A

Agents that damage the process of development

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5
Q

Cephalocaudal rule

A

Motor skills emerge in sequence from head to feet

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6
Q

Proximodistal rule

A

Tendency for motor skills to emerge from centre to periphery

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7
Q

What are Piaget’s four stages of cognitive development?

A

Sensorimotor, birth-2 years
Shows evidence of understanding of object permanence, experiences world thru sense and movement, develops schemas, begins to act intentionally
Preoperational, 2-6 years
Does not understand conservation of physical properties
Egocentric to other minds
Concrete operational, 6-11 years
Logical thinking, conservation of physical properties
Formal operational, 11+
Logical about abstract propositions and hypotheticals like love and liberty

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8
Q

Schema

A

Theories about the way the world works

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9
Q

Assimilation

A

The process by which infants apply their schemas in novel ways

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10
Q

Accommodation

A

The process by which infants revise their schemas in light of new information

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11
Q

Theory of mind

A

The understanding that other people’s mental representations guide their behaviour
Age Influenced by siblings, pretend play frequency, imaginary friends, socioeconomic status
Slow in deaf children whose parents don’t know sign language because language limited
and autism, because have trouble understanding inner lives of people, don’t understand ppl have false beliefs, don’t get shame, embarrassment

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12
Q

What did Piaget get wrong?

A

Development is fluid not graduation from one stage to next, more mature some days
Children acquire some abilities earlier than he thought
Children acquire abilities through interaction with own culture

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13
Q

What can babies do that animals can’t?

A

Joint attention
Imitation, even intended action
Social referencing, like facial cues for indicators

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14
Q

Attachment styles

A

Secure - calmed and happy
Avoidant - not distressed, neutral
Ambivalent - distressed and rebuffing
Disorganized - no consistency

German - avoidant
Japanese - ambivalent
General - secure

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15
Q

Internal working model of relationships

A

A set of beliefs about the self, the primary caregiver, and the relationship between them

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16
Q

Preconventional stage

A

A stage of moral development in which the morality of an action is primarily determined by its consequences for the actor
He would feel bad if he went to jail

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17
Q

Conventional stage

A

A stage of morality development in which the morality of an action is primarily determined by the extent to which it conforms to social rules
Immoral actions are condemned by others
Duty to society over family

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18
Q

Postconventional stage

A

A stage of morality development at which the morality of an action is determined by a set of general principles that reflect core values
Life more important than profits

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19
Q

Adolescence

A

Begins with onset of sexual maturity 11-14 and lasts until beginning of adulthood
Girls at 10
Boys at 12

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20
Q

Primary and secondary sex characteristics

A

Bodily structures directly involved in repro

Structures that change dramatically with sexual maturity but that are not directly involved in repro

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21
Q

What can happen to child if mother doesn’t get enough food?

A

Increased risk of schizophrenia and antisocial personality disorder

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22
Q

Does food mom eats affect baby?

A

Baby can develop preference for those foods eaten while in womb

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23
Q

How do teratogens affect baby?

A

FAS
Alcohol
Smoking causes lower birth rates, perceptual and attentional problems, low birth weight, learning deficit
Lead, paint dust, mercury

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24
Q

How do we know babies know mom’s voice?

A

Suck nipple more quickly when hear mother than stranger
Reading in womb
Prefer native language
Cry in cadence of native tongue

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25
Q

How far do babies see?

A

8-12”

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26
Q

How early can babies mimic facial expressions?

A

An hour after birth

Speech sounds 12 weeks after birth

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27
Q

How do babies’ motor development happen?

A 
Rolls over
Sits without support
Stands holding on
Pulls self to stand
Walks holding on to furniture
Stands well alone
Walks well alone
Walks up steps
28
Q

What’s the best predictor of success on false-belief tasks?

A

Language
Especially thoughts and feelings
Between 4 and 6

29
Q

What did Vygotsky find after Piaget?

A

Cognitive dev result of child’s interaction with members of own culture rather than with concrete objects
Chinese kids counting

30
Q

How does baby determine primary caregiver?

A

Coo and cry to anybody
For 6 mos they keep a tally of who responds most promptly
Then target fastest and best who becomes primary caregiver
Form emotional attachment

31
Q

Where do attachment styles come from?

A

Temperament, characteristic pattern of emotional reactivity
Parents’ reports and physiological indices like heart rate, blood flow to brain
Temperament results from bio differences and culture
Secure most common in all cultures
German more avoidant
Japanese more ambivalent
Securely attached moms are sensitive to emotional state, requests for reassurance.
Ambivalent babies tend to have moms who attend inconsistently

32
Q

What are internal models of relationships?

A 
A set of beliefs about the self, the primary caregiver, and their relationship
Secure sure of response
Avoidant sure of no response
Ambivalent not sure
Disorganized confused, possible abuse
33
Q

How do childrens’ morals develop?

A

Shift from realism to relativism. Inviolable rules. Don’t hit to rules can be adopted or abandoned
Shift from prescriptions to principles. Everyone gets a turn to whoever missed a turn gets two turns
Shift from outcomes to intentions. Accidental harm to ipad worse than intentional harm to pencil.

34
Q

How do children’s moral reasoning develop by Kohlberg?

A

Preconventional stage for children, morality of action determined by consequences for actor. Actor will feel bad.

Conventional stage for adolescence, morality determined by extent to which it conforms to social rules. Actor must weigh duty to society to duty to family.

Postconventional stage, morality of action is determined by set of general principles that reflect core values. Law requiring principles to be violated should be disobeyed.

35
Q

What’s wrong with Kohlberg’s theory?

A

Stages aren’t discrete
Doesn’t apply to non-western societies where obedience and community more important than individuality
Looks conventional when actually postconventional

36
Q

Is train scenario decided by moral reasoning or emotional reaction?

What does this say about moral judgements?

A

Emotional reaction

Moral judgements may be consequences of emotional reactions
Moral intuitionist approach: we react emotionally to small group of events relative to survival and reproduction. Right and wrong are labels on reactions. Hypnotized take reaction vs accept

37
Q

What causes early puberty?

A

Improved health and diet
Enviro toxins mimicking estrogen
Age of adult responsibility has risen or protracted

38
Q

What are myths about adolescence?

A

No moodier than children
Hormones only small impact on mood
Can make wise decisions based on information
Can be more impulsive and more susceptible to peer influence

39
Q

What are chances of siblings being gay?

A

Identical twin of gay man has 50% chance

Fraternal or nontwin brother 15% chance

40
Q

Teen sex rates?

A

25% American teens have had 4 or more sex partners by senior year
50% used a condom last time

41
Q

How do teens evolve socially?

A

Groups of same sexed peers
Groups meet in public places and interact
Older members peel off into mixed sex groups meeting in private and public
Couples peel off from groups

Increasing amount of time with opposite sex peers while maintaining time spent with same sex peers, less time with parents

42
Q

How do peers exert influence on teens?

A

Admiration, not pressure

43
Q

What happens during adult aging?

A

Prefrontal cortex deteriorates
Weaker cognitive ability for effort, initiative, strategy
More decline in working memory than long term
More decline in episodic memory than semantic
Compensation
Brain de-differentiation, bilateral asymmetry disappears to complete tasks on both sides

44
Q

What is socioemotional selectivity theory?

A

Young adults orient towards acquisition of information useful in future
Older adults oriented towards information bringing emotional satisfaction in present

45
Q

What happens to relationships as people age?

A

Older adults choose to spend more time with family and close friends than large group of acquaintances
Rate of interaction with acquaintances decreased while interaction with spouses, parents, siblings stable or increased

46
Q

Is marriage consequence or cause of happiness?

A

Consequence

47
Q

When were women happier to look after kids?

A

Compared to doing housework

Less happy than when eating, exercising, shopping, napping, TV

48
Q

Prenatal stage

A

Conception to birth

49
Q

Infancy stage

A

18 to 24 months

50
Q

Habituation

A

The tendency for organisms to respond less intensely to a stimulus the more frequently they are exposed to it

51
Q

Rooting reflex

A

Tendency for infants to move their mouths toward any object that touches their cheek

52
Q

By what is the emergence of motor behaviours influenced?

A

Incentive for reaching, body weight, muscular development, general level of activity
Mobiles

53
Q

Object permanence

A

The belief that objects exist even when they are not visible

Infants don’t have it

54
Q

What will preoperational children do when shown two glasses filled with equal amounts of liquid, then a taller one?

Concrete operational?

A

Taller glass has more

No difference. Conservation understood

55
Q

What makes babies good learners?

A

Joint attention. Both 3 and 9 months. Older won’t try to see what adult looks at if adult eyes are closed.

Imitation. Performance of intended action.

Social referencing. Looking for approving glances before proceeding.

56
Q

How do caregiver interactions determine attachment style?

A

Secure - sensitive to needs and need for reassurance

Ambivalent - inconsistent response

57
Q

How children think about right and wrong?

A

Realism to relativism: rules are inventions not discoveries

Prescriptions to principles: rules can be abandoned if they don’t hold up general principle of fairness

Outcomes to intentions: intention bad vs accident ok

58
Q

Moral intuitionist perspective

A

Evolution has created emotional reactions to events related to reproduction and survival, which we have labelled right and wrong to explain reaction

59
Q

What happens when we see a loved one hurt?

A

Mirror neurons activate
Same brain regions activate as when we suffer ourselves
Watching loved ones hurt, our emotional centres activate

60
Q

Why is adolescence protracting?

A

Improved diet and health
More toxins
But age of taking responsibilities higher

61
Q

When does neuron development peak?

A

Frontal and parietal lobes at 12
Temporal lobe at 16
Occipital lobe at 22 males 14 females

62
Q

What do gay and straight brains look like?

A

Unequally sized hemispheres in straight men and gay women

Equal in straight women and gay men

63
Q

Teen pregnancy and abortion rates?

A

Highest in developed world
Teen moms worse off on educational success and economic achievement than not
Their kids poorer on educational success and emotional well-being than older moms

64
Q

Do teens taking abstinence pledges have less sex and use birth control more?

A

No and no

65
Q

What is de-differentiation?

A

Young adults keep verbal information in working memory, and left prefrontal cortex activates more than right. Spatial information activates right prefrontal cortex more.

In adults, bilateral symmetry disappears

66
Q

What was the only activity women were less happy doing than raising children?

A

Housework

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