7 characteristics of life for each major phylum Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 7 basic characteristics of life?

A
WERF LSR
Waste elimination
excretion and osmoregulation
Locomotion and dispersal
Reproduction
Feeding and digestion
Respiration
Sensory/coordination
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2
Q

Protozoan - Respiration
The vast majority use ______ respiration.
Respiratory gases enter and exit protists via _____.

A

aerobic

diffusion

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3
Q

Protozoan - Reproduction
Sexual or Asexual?
______ sexes: may be more than ___.

A

Both sexual and asexual means exist

Chemical sexes - may have 2+ sexes

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4
Q

Protozoan - Reproduction
Sexual reproduction is the ______ of genetic material
Can occur _________ - where gametes or organelles carrying genetic information are the ______ _____ when fused
Or, can occur by ________, where the gametes or genetic information-carrying organelles that fuse together are _______ in size.

A

fusion
isogametically - gametes or organelles with genetic information are the same size when they fuse

Anisogamy - different sizes between gametes or reproductive organelles

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5
Q

Protozoan - Feeding and digestion

The vast majority are _________, but some _________ do exist.
There are ___ different ways of getting food into the body. These are:
- ________
- ________
- _______ ________
In every case, food is carried in a ______ ______ which fuses with a _______ to break down the food in to monomeric components which diffuse into the _________.

A

heterotrophic, some are autotrophic

3 ways to get food into the body:
- pinocytosis, phagocytosis, buccal cavity
Food is carried in a food vacuole which fuses with a lysosome, breaking food into monomers which subsequently diffuse into the cytoplasm

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6
Q

Protozoan - Osmoregulation and excretion

  • ______ animals do not worry about osmoregulation, they are ________ to their environment
  • ______ animals use a _______ ______ to get rid of incoming water
  • wastes like _______ will ______ out of the cell
A

marine - isotonic
freshwater - contractile vacuole - pump water out of the cell
ammonia diffuses out of the cell

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7
Q

Protozoan - Locomotion
There are three locomotion types.
1 - _______ - long tendrils that undulate like a _______ - have ________ which are little hairs to increase ______ ______
2 - ______, which are similar to ________ but lack _______ and share the common __+__ MT arrangement
3 - ________ - extensions of the cell body commonly found in ________ organisms

A

+1 - Flagella - undulating tendrils with mastigonemes to increase surface area
2 - Cilia - similar to flagella, share the 9+2 MT arrangement
3 - Pseudopodia - extension of the cell membrane characteristics of amoeboid organisms

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8
Q

Protozoan - Waste elimination

Describe.

A

The remaining solids of digestion are egested back out.

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9
Q

Poriferan - Respiration

  • ______ moves through their body so they pick up oxygen by _______, _____ diffuses out of the cell into the water
  • cannot cope with ______, good bioindicator - do not find in _______ or in ________ environments
A

water - diffusion, CO2

anoxia - sewage, eutrophic

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10
Q

Poriferan - Reproduction
Occurs both _______ and _______.
- vast majority are _________ but are ________
- ________ divide to make sperm, (are already ________) and are ejected into the water
- ________ form egg cells and are retained in the _______ of the sponge
- sperm cells are drawn into the sponge through a _______ –> ______ cell loses its collar and the sperm cell loses its _______ –> the two merge together and meet up with the ___ at the _______ and will form a zygote called an ________
- this is a ball of cells with ______ on the outside and _________ on the inside

A

sexually and asexually
vast majority are hermaphroditic - monoecious (form sperm or eggs at one time)
choanocytes (Already flagellated) –> sperm cell –> ejected into the water
Amoebocytes –> make egg cells - stay in tissues
Sperm cell drawn into porocyte - fuses with collar cell - lose collar and sperm loses flagella
–> meet with egg at the mesohyl to produce zygote amphiblastula
–> ball of cells with flagella on the outside and amoebocytes on the inside

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11
Q

Poriferan - Feeding and digestion

  • food entering the sponge gets enclosed in a _____ _____ which gets passed to an ________ which does one of three things:
  • _______ the food and moves from place to place
  • Transforms into a ______ cell and moves into the _______
  • _______ food to different parts of the body
A

food vacuole –> amoebocyte
1 - digest
2 - storage cell in mesohyl
3 - transport/carry food

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12
Q

Poriferan - excretion and osmoregulation

  • The vast majority are ______ and don’t have to worry about it
  • For ______ individuals, they have a ________ ________
A

marine

freshwater - contractile vacuole

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13
Q

Poriferan - locomotion and dispersal

  • The amphiblastula _____ and gets carried by the ______, goes to the bottom and ________.
  • This causes the ______ cells to move towards the inside of the animal and the ________ to differentiate
  • this developmental pattern is similar to embryonic ________
A

swims - bottom - metamorphoses

flagellated cells move inside, amoebocytes differentiate - similar to embryonic gastrulation

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14
Q

Poriferan - waste elimination

If cell waste builds up, an ________ moves to the ________ and jumps out and gets swept away
ammonia is typically flowed out by the action of _______ (dissolved and driven out)

A

amoebocyte - apopyle - jumps out

water

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15
Q

Cnidarians - Respiration

  • occurs by ______
  • if oxygen content is low - can open its _____ to allow more water to pass through
  • _______ can also occur through the _________ cavity
A

diffusion
mouth
diffusion
gastrovascular

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16
Q

Cnidarians - (scyphozoan) - reproduction
- Gastrovascular cavity sectioned into __ compartments each with a ______
- adults are ______
- eggs and sperm are released into the ______
- Form _____ larva, which becomes polyploid and forms a _______, which differentiates into larval medusoids that stack up called _______, when it matures (still a larva) and can swim away - becomes an _______.
The _____ matures to become a _______.

A

4 - gonad
diecious
ocean
planula –> scyphistoma –> strobili –> ephyra –> medusa

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17
Q

Cnidarians - Sensory -coordination

Two sensory structures:

  • ______ : ____-sensitive organs - sphere of cells with _____ and nerves
    • when a photon hits, that ______ the pigment and causes a _____ impulse
  • ______ - fluid-filled ball of cells with a ______ made of ______ inside with _____ on the outside
    • if the animal is uneven, movement of the _______ will cause the nerves to fire

What is special about the nerves of cnidarians?

A

ocelli - light - sensitive
- pigment bleached causing nervous impulses

statocyst - fluid-filled ball of cells with a calcium-carbonate granule which can roll around and trigger nerve cells to fire if uneven

The nervous signals in cnidarians can be conveyed in both directions!

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18
Q

Cnidarians - Feeding and digestion

  • all _________
  • (these) cause the ______ to fire –> tendrils can _____ around prey or inject _______
  • tentacles manipulate prey to the ______ or mouth with the aid of the _______ (muscles around the mouth)
  • prey stuffed into the ________ cavity
  • _______ gland cells secrete enzymes to break it down
  • engulfed by cells where digestion occurs in _____ ______
  • anything not digested is popped back out the ______
A

carnivorous
pressure/touch/chemicals from the prey cause cnidocyst to fire
- tendrils can wrap around prey or inject neurotoxins

tentacles bring food to the stoma with the aid of the hypostoma

animal passes into the gastrovascular cavity where digestive gland cells secrete enzymes to help with digestion

components are engulfed by cells and further digested in food vacuoles

anything not digested is egested back out of the mouth

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19
Q

Cnidarians - Excretion & osmoregulation

  • excretory products are expelled by ______
  • if freshwater - the _______ cavity can act as a large ______ ______ to pump out excess water
A

diffusion

- gastrovascular cavity - contractile vacuole if freshwater

20
Q

Cnidarians - Locomotion and dispersal - polyp stage
Two ways:
1 - _______ - animal closes its mouth and contracts its ________ to form a ________ ________
2 - secretes a _____ bubble on its ______ end
- causes it to ______ away
- only used if conditions are very ______

A

summersaulting - close mouth and contract myonemes to form hydrostatic skeleton

secrete gas bubble on aboral end to fly away
- only if conditions are very poor

21
Q

Cnidarians - Locomotion and dispersal - medusoid stage
- moves by _______ of the body - contracts to move ___ in the water column; relaxes to go _____ in the water colum
- one class has a ______ - a special membrane that can squirt water in a particular direction, allowing enhanced movement
For lateral movement, they are at the mercy of _____ action and water ________
General are ___-____ active

A

undulations of body membrane - contracts to move up, relaxes to move down
one class has a velum
lateral movement - at the mercy of water currents and wave action
follow day night cycles

22
Q

Platyhelminthes - Respiration

- Oxygen can _______ through the slimy membrane, CO2 out

A

diffuse

23
Q

Platyhelminthes - reproduction

  • Many small ______ individuals reproduce by ______
  • ______ reproduction exists too
  • the ______ system is a ________ system
    • ______ are produced at the testes, ___ _______ carries sperm to the ________ vesicle for storage
    • sperm has ____ flagella - _ + _ formula
    • sperm transfer is _______
    • some have a ______ penis - stab partner for transfer - released into mesenchyme and swims to ovaries

Female system:

  • ______ system
  • single ______ to produce eggs, carried by the ______ to the ______
  • has a _______ to receive sperm from another flatworm which is stored in the _______ _______
  • Ancient flatworms are termed _________ meaning they are endolecithal - the _____ is inside the egg
  • Newer flatworms are termed ________ meaning they are ectolecithal - the _____ is outside the egg
A

freshwater - fission

sexual
male system - paired
sperm, vas deferens, seminal vesicle
2 flagella - 9+0 Mt formula
sperm transfer is reciprocal
scleratized penis

female system
single system
- single ovary, oviduct, uterus
- gonopore, copulatory bursa
ancient - archoophorans - endolecithal - yolk inside egg
new - neoophorans - ectolecithal - yolk outside the egg

24
Q

Platyhelminthes - sensory/coordination
- _______ organs - called _______, and ____ to home in on prey
- Many parasitic species have _______ sensory organs
Turbellarians:
- ________ - bundle of nerves located anteriorly - function like a brain
Also contain ______ and ______, similar to cnidarians.

A

chemosensory, oracles eyes
reduced
cephalization
statocyst, ocelli

25
Q

Platyhelminthes - Feeding and digestion
Small prey:
- _____ it to the ground, puts _____ on it and ingests it
larger prey:
- use _______ _____ to stab prey and make docile
- _______ cells of the pharynx secrete enzymes to start digestion
- can _____ up
Why can flatworms survive so long without food?

A

wrestle, mucus
scleratized penis
gland cells
team up

Can resorb body tissue and survive without food for a long time

26
Q

Platyhelminthes - Excretion and osmoregulation
- excretion of wastes occurs mainly by _______
For freshwater individuals - have ______ - a series of small, ______ tubes
- at the head end is a bulbous cell called a ____ ____ - which functions like Bowman’s capsule to regulate water content
– uses _______

A

diffusion

protoneprhidia - ciliated - flame cells - energy

27
Q

Platyhelminthes - Excretion and osmoregulation
- excretion of wastes occurs mainly by _______
For freshwater individuals - have ______ - a series of small, ______ tubes
- at the head end is a bulbous cell called a ____ ____ - which functions like Bowman’s capsule to regulate water content
– uses _______

A

diffusion

protoneprhidia - ciliated - flame cells - energy

28
Q

Platyhelminthes - locomotion and dispersal

  • simply a mass of _______, body covered in ______
  • animal secretes a protein that forms a _______ - provides a ___-friction surface which the cilia can beat along
  • two slime types: _____ (front) and _______ (back)
  • circular muscles - make the animal _____
  • longitudinal muscles - make the animal _______
  • transverse muscles - _____ the animal
A
protoplasm - cilia
slime - low
slippery, sticky
skinnier and longer
short and fatter
flatten
29
Q

Platyhelminthes - waste elimination

- ammonia leaves by _______

A

diffusion

30
Q

Pseudoceolomates - respiration

- ______ cuticle that is ___ permeable - respire by means of _______

A

rubbery - gas permeable - diffusion

31
Q

Pseudoceolomates - reproduction - nematodes

  • _______ animals
  • reproductive system is a _____ tube, _____ at one end with _____ and _____ stored at the other
A

diecious

blind, gonads, eggs, sperm

32
Q

Pseudoceolomates - reproduction - nematodes - Females

  • ___ ovaries/oviducts, uteri
  • eggs produced in ovaries, absorb ____ sac and ____ in oviduct, stored in uteri
  • the two branches merge to form the ______ and the ________ pore
  • _________ thigmotactic - go through the _______ tail
A

2
yolk, shell
vagina, excretory pore
positively - male

33
Q

Pseudoceolomates - reproduction - nematodes - males

  • _____ tube - _____ on top, then vas deferens and _______ ______ on the bottom
  • terminates at the _______ end in a single opening for wastes and sperm called the _______
  • has a ______ tail and often has _______ to hold the female
A

single - testes, seminal vesicle
posterior - chloaca
curved - spicules

34
Q

Pseudoceolomates - reproduction - nematodes
The fertilized egg develops by ______ ________ cleavage
- these individuals are _______ and display ______ ______ - meaning that cells do not grow in number but in size
- when the egg hatches –> ______ –> _____ cuticle to become next stage juvenile

A

strongly determinate
eutelic - cell constancy
juvenile - sheds

35
Q

Pseudoceolomates - sensory - coordination
________ - nerve ring around the pharynx
- _____ and _____ nerve chords run the _____ of the body
- muscles have cytoplasmic extensions that ______ to nerves (weird!)

A

cycloneuralia
dorsal, ventral - length
connect

36
Q

Pseudoceolomates - feeding and digestion
- __- ______ pharynx
- gut normally _______ by pressure
food goes to __________

A

tri-radiate
collasped
pseudocoelom

37
Q

Pseudoceolomates - excretion and osmoregulation
Excretion:
- metabolic wastes exit by ______
Osmoregulation:
- _______ cells - use energy and ______ transport to regulate the pressure of fluid inside the body
- _______ pores - run from the _______ to the outside of the body

A

diffusion

Renette - active

Secretory - pseudocoelom

38
Q

Pseudoceolomates - locomotion and dispersal

  • _______ _______ provided by the pseudocoelom
  • lack many _______ layers
    • ______ muscles cause the animal to compress
  • ______ swimmers
A

hydrostatic skeleton

muscle - longitudinal

39
Q

Pseudoceolomates - waste elimination

- set of muscles at the posterior end - ______ - opens when the animal defecates

A

anus

40
Q

Echinoderms - Respiration
- most are ______ and thus have low oxygen demand
- ceolomic cavity and epidermis are both _____ to circulate water
- two diffusion sites:
1 - _____ _____
2 - ____ _____ - small gaps between the _______ where the lining of the coelom protrudes and is in close contact with the ________
– have ________ - which prevent obstruction of dermal branchia (or skin gills)

A
sessile
ciliated
tube feet
skin gills (dermal branchia) - ossicles - epidermis
pedicellaria
41
Q

Echinodermata - Reproduction
- almost all _______
- ______ gonads extend into the arms - get _____ during reproductive times - form ____ and _____
- most use _______ fertilization except for some _____ species
Regeneration can occur as long as there is still a bit of the _____ canal and nerve associated with the arm

A

diecious
pyloric - larger - eggs/sperm
external -arctic
radial

42
Q

Echinodermata - sensory - coordination
- ______ _____ - if cut - lose all movement ability - controls _____ and ______ too
______ _____ - if cut, lose all coordination of ______ in that arm
______-like structures at the tip of each arm

A

circumoral ring - feeding and digestion
radial nerve - podia
ocellus

43
Q

Echinodermata - excretion - osmoregulation:
- all are ______
has a circulatory system called the ____ system - contains fluid and _________

A

marine
hemal
ceolomocytes

44
Q

Echinodermata - excretion - osmoregulation:
- all are ______
has a circulatory system called the ____ system - contains fluid and _________

A

marine
hemal
ceolomocytes

45
Q

Echinodermata - locomotion and dispersal
Holothuroidean - _____ and _______
- _____ for crinozoans
- _____ for the most part

A

bivium, trivium
cirri
sessile

46
Q

Echinodermata - waste elimination

  • small solids leave though the ______
  • large solids are _____ through the _______
A

anus

burped - mouth