7 characteristics of life for each major phylum Flashcards
What are the 7 basic characteristics of life?
WERF LSR Waste elimination excretion and osmoregulation Locomotion and dispersal Reproduction Feeding and digestion Respiration Sensory/coordination
Protozoan - Respiration
The vast majority use ______ respiration.
Respiratory gases enter and exit protists via _____.
aerobic
diffusion
Protozoan - Reproduction
Sexual or Asexual?
______ sexes: may be more than ___.
Both sexual and asexual means exist
Chemical sexes - may have 2+ sexes
Protozoan - Reproduction
Sexual reproduction is the ______ of genetic material
Can occur _________ - where gametes or organelles carrying genetic information are the ______ _____ when fused
Or, can occur by ________, where the gametes or genetic information-carrying organelles that fuse together are _______ in size.
fusion
isogametically - gametes or organelles with genetic information are the same size when they fuse
Anisogamy - different sizes between gametes or reproductive organelles
Protozoan - Feeding and digestion
The vast majority are _________, but some _________ do exist.
There are ___ different ways of getting food into the body. These are:
- ________
- ________
- _______ ________
In every case, food is carried in a ______ ______ which fuses with a _______ to break down the food in to monomeric components which diffuse into the _________.
heterotrophic, some are autotrophic
3 ways to get food into the body:
- pinocytosis, phagocytosis, buccal cavity
Food is carried in a food vacuole which fuses with a lysosome, breaking food into monomers which subsequently diffuse into the cytoplasm
Protozoan - Osmoregulation and excretion
- ______ animals do not worry about osmoregulation, they are ________ to their environment
- ______ animals use a _______ ______ to get rid of incoming water
- wastes like _______ will ______ out of the cell
marine - isotonic
freshwater - contractile vacuole - pump water out of the cell
ammonia diffuses out of the cell
Protozoan - Locomotion
There are three locomotion types.
1 - _______ - long tendrils that undulate like a _______ - have ________ which are little hairs to increase ______ ______
2 - ______, which are similar to ________ but lack _______ and share the common __+__ MT arrangement
3 - ________ - extensions of the cell body commonly found in ________ organisms
+1 - Flagella - undulating tendrils with mastigonemes to increase surface area
2 - Cilia - similar to flagella, share the 9+2 MT arrangement
3 - Pseudopodia - extension of the cell membrane characteristics of amoeboid organisms
Protozoan - Waste elimination
Describe.
The remaining solids of digestion are egested back out.
Poriferan - Respiration
- ______ moves through their body so they pick up oxygen by _______, _____ diffuses out of the cell into the water
- cannot cope with ______, good bioindicator - do not find in _______ or in ________ environments
water - diffusion, CO2
anoxia - sewage, eutrophic
Poriferan - Reproduction
Occurs both _______ and _______.
- vast majority are _________ but are ________
- ________ divide to make sperm, (are already ________) and are ejected into the water
- ________ form egg cells and are retained in the _______ of the sponge
- sperm cells are drawn into the sponge through a _______ –> ______ cell loses its collar and the sperm cell loses its _______ –> the two merge together and meet up with the ___ at the _______ and will form a zygote called an ________
- this is a ball of cells with ______ on the outside and _________ on the inside
sexually and asexually
vast majority are hermaphroditic - monoecious (form sperm or eggs at one time)
choanocytes (Already flagellated) –> sperm cell –> ejected into the water
Amoebocytes –> make egg cells - stay in tissues
Sperm cell drawn into porocyte - fuses with collar cell - lose collar and sperm loses flagella
–> meet with egg at the mesohyl to produce zygote amphiblastula
–> ball of cells with flagella on the outside and amoebocytes on the inside
Poriferan - Feeding and digestion
- food entering the sponge gets enclosed in a _____ _____ which gets passed to an ________ which does one of three things:
- _______ the food and moves from place to place
- Transforms into a ______ cell and moves into the _______
- _______ food to different parts of the body
food vacuole –> amoebocyte
1 - digest
2 - storage cell in mesohyl
3 - transport/carry food
Poriferan - excretion and osmoregulation
- The vast majority are ______ and don’t have to worry about it
- For ______ individuals, they have a ________ ________
marine
freshwater - contractile vacuole
Poriferan - locomotion and dispersal
- The amphiblastula _____ and gets carried by the ______, goes to the bottom and ________.
- This causes the ______ cells to move towards the inside of the animal and the ________ to differentiate
- this developmental pattern is similar to embryonic ________
swims - bottom - metamorphoses
flagellated cells move inside, amoebocytes differentiate - similar to embryonic gastrulation
Poriferan - waste elimination
If cell waste builds up, an ________ moves to the ________ and jumps out and gets swept away
ammonia is typically flowed out by the action of _______ (dissolved and driven out)
amoebocyte - apopyle - jumps out
water
Cnidarians - Respiration
- occurs by ______
- if oxygen content is low - can open its _____ to allow more water to pass through
- _______ can also occur through the _________ cavity
diffusion
mouth
diffusion
gastrovascular
Cnidarians - (scyphozoan) - reproduction
- Gastrovascular cavity sectioned into __ compartments each with a ______
- adults are ______
- eggs and sperm are released into the ______
- Form _____ larva, which becomes polyploid and forms a _______, which differentiates into larval medusoids that stack up called _______, when it matures (still a larva) and can swim away - becomes an _______.
The _____ matures to become a _______.
4 - gonad
diecious
ocean
planula –> scyphistoma –> strobili –> ephyra –> medusa
Cnidarians - Sensory -coordination
Two sensory structures:
- ______ : ____-sensitive organs - sphere of cells with _____ and nerves
- when a photon hits, that ______ the pigment and causes a _____ impulse
- ______ - fluid-filled ball of cells with a ______ made of ______ inside with _____ on the outside
- if the animal is uneven, movement of the _______ will cause the nerves to fire
What is special about the nerves of cnidarians?
ocelli - light - sensitive
- pigment bleached causing nervous impulses
statocyst - fluid-filled ball of cells with a calcium-carbonate granule which can roll around and trigger nerve cells to fire if uneven
The nervous signals in cnidarians can be conveyed in both directions!
Cnidarians - Feeding and digestion
- all _________
- (these) cause the ______ to fire –> tendrils can _____ around prey or inject _______
- tentacles manipulate prey to the ______ or mouth with the aid of the _______ (muscles around the mouth)
- prey stuffed into the ________ cavity
- _______ gland cells secrete enzymes to break it down
- engulfed by cells where digestion occurs in _____ ______
- anything not digested is popped back out the ______
carnivorous
pressure/touch/chemicals from the prey cause cnidocyst to fire
- tendrils can wrap around prey or inject neurotoxins
tentacles bring food to the stoma with the aid of the hypostoma
animal passes into the gastrovascular cavity where digestive gland cells secrete enzymes to help with digestion
components are engulfed by cells and further digested in food vacuoles
anything not digested is egested back out of the mouth
Cnidarians - Excretion & osmoregulation
- excretory products are expelled by ______
- if freshwater - the _______ cavity can act as a large ______ ______ to pump out excess water
diffusion
- gastrovascular cavity - contractile vacuole if freshwater
Cnidarians - Locomotion and dispersal - polyp stage
Two ways:
1 - _______ - animal closes its mouth and contracts its ________ to form a ________ ________
2 - secretes a _____ bubble on its ______ end
- causes it to ______ away
- only used if conditions are very ______
summersaulting - close mouth and contract myonemes to form hydrostatic skeleton
secrete gas bubble on aboral end to fly away
- only if conditions are very poor
Cnidarians - Locomotion and dispersal - medusoid stage
- moves by _______ of the body - contracts to move ___ in the water column; relaxes to go _____ in the water colum
- one class has a ______ - a special membrane that can squirt water in a particular direction, allowing enhanced movement
For lateral movement, they are at the mercy of _____ action and water ________
General are ___-____ active
undulations of body membrane - contracts to move up, relaxes to move down
one class has a velum
lateral movement - at the mercy of water currents and wave action
follow day night cycles
Platyhelminthes - Respiration
- Oxygen can _______ through the slimy membrane, CO2 out
diffuse
Platyhelminthes - reproduction
- Many small ______ individuals reproduce by ______
- ______ reproduction exists too
- the ______ system is a ________ system
- ______ are produced at the testes, ___ _______ carries sperm to the ________ vesicle for storage
- sperm has ____ flagella - _ + _ formula
- sperm transfer is _______
- some have a ______ penis - stab partner for transfer - released into mesenchyme and swims to ovaries
Female system:
- ______ system
- single ______ to produce eggs, carried by the ______ to the ______
- has a _______ to receive sperm from another flatworm which is stored in the _______ _______
- Ancient flatworms are termed _________ meaning they are endolecithal - the _____ is inside the egg
- Newer flatworms are termed ________ meaning they are ectolecithal - the _____ is outside the egg
freshwater - fission
sexual male system - paired sperm, vas deferens, seminal vesicle 2 flagella - 9+0 Mt formula sperm transfer is reciprocal scleratized penis
female system
single system
- single ovary, oviduct, uterus
- gonopore, copulatory bursa
ancient - archoophorans - endolecithal - yolk inside egg
new - neoophorans - ectolecithal - yolk outside the egg
Platyhelminthes - sensory/coordination
- _______ organs - called _______, and ____ to home in on prey
- Many parasitic species have _______ sensory organs
Turbellarians:
- ________ - bundle of nerves located anteriorly - function like a brain
Also contain ______ and ______, similar to cnidarians.
chemosensory, oracles eyes
reduced
cephalization
statocyst, ocelli
