7. Cardiovascular system Flashcards
Heart Muscle Layers
Eipcardium, myocardium and endocardium
Angiography
X-ray examination of blood vessels or lymphatics following injection of radiopaque substance
Aortography
Placement of a catheter into the aorta with injection of contrast followed by X-ray to visualize the aorta
Arteriolith
A calcareous depost in an artery wall of thrombus
Cardialgia
Heartburn or cardiodynia
Myocardosis
Symptomatic signs of cardia disease without any discoverable pathological lesion
(2) layers of pericardium
Visceral - nearer the heart; Fibrous - on outside of the heart consisting of parietal and visceral pericardium
Pericardiocentesis
Needle is used to drain fluid buildup between the visceral and fibrous layers of the pericardium
Pericardiotomy
Incision is made to remove a clot or foreign body
Pericardiectomy
Removal of the pericardium
CHF
Congestive Heart Failure - usually begins in the left ventricle which does not pump blood effectively.
SHF
Systolic Heart Failure - occurs when the left ventricle (LV) cannot contract hard enough
DHF
Diastolic Heart Failure or diastolic disfunction happens when the muscle in the left ventricle (LV) becomes stiff
RSCHF
Right-sided CHF occures when the right ventricle has difficulty pumping.
Pericarditis
Inflammation of the pericardium; viral in 80+ % of cases
Pericardial Effusion
excessive buildup of fluid between the serous and fibrous layers of the pericardial sac.
Pericardiocentesis
Drain away the excess fluid between the serous and fibrous layers of the pericardial sac
Cardiac Tamponade
When the heard is compress from the excess fluid it is unable to beat effectively
Hyper cholesterolemia
High levels of cholesterol int he blood stream
Annulua
A ring of fibrous tissue that hols the leaflets of the valve in place
Annuloplasty is
The reconstruction of a valvular annulus that is misshapen
The inlet valaves
Tricuspid and mitral (bicuspid)
Outlet Valves
Pulmonary and aortic valves
Chordae tendineae
String like tendons linking the papillary muscles of the ventricles to the valves
Valvular stenosis
Stenosis refers to a narrowing in the opening of the valves
Valvular prolapse
Most often found in the mitral valve. Flaps are floppy and ballon back into the left atrium.
Definition of systolic
Arterial pressure when the ventricles contract
Definition of Diastolic
Arterial pressure when the ventricles relax
Aortic Sinuses
Sinus of Valsalva - Allow blood to circulate tot he coronary arteries without occlusion while the valve is open
Origin of the coronary artery
Right coronary sinus - right coronary artery
Left coronary sinus - left coronary artery
Non coronary sinus - has no artery arising from it.
Chordae Tendinae
String-like tendons linking the papillary muscles of the ventircle to the valves (sometimes referred to as heart strings)
Valvular Stenosis
Stenosis refers to a narrowing in the opening of the valves.
Valvular Prolapse
Mitral valves are floppy and balloon back into the left atrium
Valvular Regurgitation
Refers to back flow of blood through the valve in the wrong direction.
Systolic BP
The pressure at its highest when the ventricles contract
Diastolic BP
Pressure when the ventricles relax
Sinus of Valsava
Aortic Sinuses located just above the aortic valve in the ascending aorta
Left main coronary artery branches into:
Left Anterior descending coronary artery and the left circumflex coronary artery
Deoxygenated blood drains into:
The large coronary sinus and the besian veighs which drain directly into the right atrium
Angina Pectoris
Also known as a stable angina (chest pain)
Unstable Angina
Unpredictable chest pain during rest
Variant Angina
Also known as Prinzmetals variant angina or angina inversa. Occurs in young people at night or early morning.
Microvascular angina
Spasms within the wals of the smalled coronary arteries
Myocardial ischemia or Ischemic Cardiomyopathy
Tissue damage due to lack of oxygen to the hear muscle, usually due to a blockage of one or more coronary arteries.
STEMI
ST-elevated myocarial infarction - usually associated with a total occlusion of a coronary artery
NSTEMI
Non-ST Elevated myocardial infarction - STwave is depressed or inverted and associated with less damage to the heart.
Heart Conduction System consists of:
Pacemaker cells, nodes, bundle of His and purkinje fibers
SA Node
Sinoatrial node - acts as pacemaker
AV node
Atrioventircular node - receives focuses and slows down the impulse between the atria and the ventricles
Bundle of His
Receives impulse from the AV node where it branches off into the left and right bundle branches
Purkinje fibers
End of the bundle branches; lie across the apex of the ventricles and give the signal to contract.
Subclavian artery
Supplies blood to the upper extremities
Subclavian veins
Drain the upper extremities
Greater saphenous vein
Superficial; Longest vein in the human body and is a
Systemic Circulation
Provides circulation throug the body, except for the heart and lungs
Coronary circulation
Refers to the blood flow found in the heart
Pulmonary Circulation
Closed circuit running from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery, through the lungs and back to the left ventricle via the pulmonary vein.
Portal Circulation
Found in the liver; Arterial blood is pumped into the liever from the right and left hepatic arteries. The portal vain carries venous blood from the organs of digestion to be filtered in the liver prior to rejoining the general circulation.
Right Lymphatic duct
Collects lymph from the upper-right quadrant of the body
Thoracic Duct
Drains lymph fro the remainder of the body
