11. Female Reproductive system Flashcards
Structure of the external female gentalia
Vulva
Labia Majora
Labia Minora
Clitoris
Introitus
Urinary Meatus
Skene’s Glands
Bartholin’s Glands
Structure of Internal Female Genital system
Vagina
Uterus
Two Fallopian Tubes
Two Ovaries
Chori-
Memberane or Sac
Colp-
Vagina
Episi-
Vulva
Hyster-
Uterus, womb
Oophor-
Ovary
Salping-
Oviduct; Fallopian Tube
Toc-
Childbirth
Steps in Hormonal Reproductive Cycle where no pregnancy occurs
- Hypothalamus triggers release of progesterone and estrogen from the ovaries, causing menstruation and the beginning of a new cycle.
- Hypothalamus signals the pituitary gland to release Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FHS) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH).
- Ovarian Follicle releases a mature ovum & corpus luteum releases progesterone.
- If pregnancy does not occur, the corpus luteum shrinks and stops producing progesterone.
- Cycle begins again.
Steps in Hormonal Reproductive Cycle where pregnancy occurs.
After the ovum has been released, if pregnancy occurs:
1. High levels of estrogen and progesterone will prevent further eggs from maturing; prepares breasts for lactation.
2. Towards the end of the pregnancy, pituitary gland releases oxytocin, causing uterine contractions. Ovaries release relaxin, which loosen pelvic ligaments
Three Layers of the Uterus
Endometrium, Myometrium, Perimetrium
Five Orientations of the Uterus
Anteverted
Anteflexed
Mid-position
Retroverted
Retroflexed
Structure of Fallopian Tubes
Infundibulum, Ampulla, isthmus
Uterine Ligaments
Broad
Cardinal
Round
Utero-ovarian
Uterosacral
Structure of Broad Ligament
Thin sheet of peritoneum that connects the uterus and fallopian tubes to the lateral wall of pelvis. Consists of the mesosalpinx, mesovarium and mesometrium.
Bartholin’s glands
Located slightly inferior and on either side of the vaginal introitus; secrete fluid to lubricate the vagina.
Skene’s glands
Located on the anterior wall of the vagina around the lower end of the urethra
Stages of egg on fertilization
Zygote - fertilized egg
Morula
Blastocyst
Embryo
Fetus - all basic germ layers have formed.
Gravidity
Refers to the number of times a woman has been pregnant
Parity
The number of times a woman has given birth to a fetus that is at 24+ weeks of gestation (live birth)
Gavidity terms
Nulligravida - never been pregnant
Primigravida - pregnant for the first time
Multigravida - pregnant more than once
Gestational Diabetes
Elevated glucose levels and insulin resistance; usually resolves within weeks of delivery
Gestational Hypertension
Occurs during the a first pregnancy between week 20 to six weeks post partum. Can lead to preeclampsia, eclampsia or Hemolysis, Elevated Liver Enzymes and Low Platelets (HELLP) syndrome
Toxoplasmosis
(Toxoplasma gondii) causes flue like symptoms that are easily resolved in adults, Babies infected before birth can be borth with serious mental or physical problems.
Chlamydia
Causes PID, ectopic pregnancy and infertility. Causes eye inflammation and pneumonia in newborn if passed to the fetus
Hepatitis varieties
HAV - Rarely transmitted interauterine or perinatally
HBV - may be transmitted perinatally
HCV - Perinatal infection occurs during the last month of pregnancy or delivery or through invasive procedures such as amniocentesis.
HDV - Vertical transmission during pregnancy is rare.
Placenta Previa
Placenta forms partially or totally toward the lower end of the uterus.
Placenta accreta
Placenta is too deep within the uterine wall, but does not penetrate the myometrium and it is unable to be expelled. Typically leads to a hysterectomy
Placenta increta
Placenta penetrates the myometrium; results in a cesarean section and hysterectomy
Placenta percreta
Placenta penetrates outside the uterus and grows into surrounding organs. Results in a cesarean section and hysterectomy
Placental Insufficiency
Placenta is unable to provide enough nourisment for the fetus
Abruptio Placenta
Premature separation of the placenta. Obstetrical emergency as both mother and fetus will bleed out.
Ectopic Pregnancy
Embryo does not implant in the uterus
Blighted ovum
Gestations sac forms without embryo that develops.
Molar pregnancy
Also known as a hydatidifom mole; fetus does not form with an overgrowth of placenta and can cause a benign tumor of the uterus.
Endometriosis
Caused by insufficient menstruation. Some of the endometrial tissue migrates out of the uterus and re-implants on other organs.
Adenomyosis
Endometrial tissue remains in the uterus but imbeds itself deeper into the uterine muscle causing the uterus to expand.
Cystocele
Bladder falls into the vagina; fixed with an anterior colporrhaphy
Rectocele
Rectum falls into the vagina; repaired with a posterior colporrhaphy
Enterocele
Small intestine falls into the vagina
culdocentesis
Peritoneal fluid is obtained from the pouch of Douglas
Colposcopy
A colposcope is positioned to examine the cervix, vagina and vulva - indicated due to an abnormal pap smear
Hysteroscopy
Hysteroscope is used to take pictures of the inside of the uterus to view adhesions, locate an IUD or determine the cause of repeated miscarriage.
Hystersapingogram
or sonohysterography, is done to evaluate the inside of the uterine cavity
LEEP
Loop electrosurgical excision procedure
Pfannenstiel incision
Transverse semilunar incision made just above the pubic bone. “Bikini Cut”
Ligament important for prevention of uterine prolaps into the vagina
Uterosacral ligament
