11. Female Reproductive system Flashcards by Jules Bogarten

Structure of the external female gentalia

Vulva
Labia Majora
Labia Minora
Clitoris
Introitus
Urinary Meatus
Skene’s Glands
Bartholin’s Glands

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Structure of Internal Female Genital system

Vagina
Uterus
Two Fallopian Tubes
Two Ovaries

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Chori-

Memberane or Sac

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Colp-

Vagina

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Episi-

Vulva

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Hyster-

Uterus, womb

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Oophor-

Ovary

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Salping-

Oviduct; Fallopian Tube

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Toc-

Childbirth

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Steps in Hormonal Reproductive Cycle where no pregnancy occurs

Hypothalamus triggers release of progesterone and estrogen from the ovaries, causing menstruation and the beginning of a new cycle.
Hypothalamus signals the pituitary gland to release Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FHS) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH).
Ovarian Follicle releases a mature ovum & corpus luteum releases progesterone.
If pregnancy does not occur, the corpus luteum shrinks and stops producing progesterone.
Cycle begins again.

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Steps in Hormonal Reproductive Cycle where pregnancy occurs.

After the ovum has been released, if pregnancy occurs:
1. High levels of estrogen and progesterone will prevent further eggs from maturing; prepares breasts for lactation.
2. Towards the end of the pregnancy, pituitary gland releases oxytocin, causing uterine contractions. Ovaries release relaxin, which loosen pelvic ligaments

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Three Layers of the Uterus

Endometrium, Myometrium, Perimetrium

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Five Orientations of the Uterus

Anteverted
Anteflexed
Mid-position
Retroverted
Retroflexed

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Structure of Fallopian Tubes

Infundibulum, Ampulla, isthmus

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Uterine Ligaments

Broad
Cardinal
Round
Utero-ovarian
Uterosacral

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Structure of Broad Ligament

Thin sheet of peritoneum that connects the uterus and fallopian tubes to the lateral wall of pelvis. Consists of the mesosalpinx, mesovarium and mesometrium.

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Bartholin’s glands

Located slightly inferior and on either side of the vaginal introitus; secrete fluid to lubricate the vagina.

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Skene’s glands

Located on the anterior wall of the vagina around the lower end of the urethra

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Stages of egg on fertilization

Zygote - fertilized egg
Morula
Blastocyst
Embryo
Fetus - all basic germ layers have formed.

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Gravidity

Refers to the number of times a woman has been pregnant

Parity

The number of times a woman has given birth to a fetus that is at 24+ weeks of gestation (live birth)

Gavidity terms

Nulligravida - never been pregnant
Primigravida - pregnant for the first time
Multigravida - pregnant more than once

Gestational Diabetes

Elevated glucose levels and insulin resistance; usually resolves within weeks of delivery

Gestational Hypertension

Occurs during the a first pregnancy between week 20 to six weeks post partum. Can lead to preeclampsia, eclampsia or Hemolysis, Elevated Liver Enzymes and Low Platelets (HELLP) syndrome

Toxoplasmosis

(Toxoplasma gondii) causes flue like symptoms that are easily resolved in adults, Babies infected before birth can be borth with serious mental or physical problems.

Chlamydia

Causes PID, ectopic pregnancy and infertility. Causes eye inflammation and pneumonia in newborn if passed to the fetus

Hepatitis varieties

HAV - Rarely transmitted interauterine or perinatally HBV - may be transmitted perinatally HCV - Perinatal infection occurs during the last month of pregnancy or delivery or through invasive procedures such as amniocentesis. HDV - Vertical transmission during pregnancy is rare.

Placenta Previa

Placenta forms partially or totally toward the lower end of the uterus.

Placenta accreta

Placenta is too deep within the uterine wall, but does not penetrate the myometrium and it is unable to be expelled. Typically leads to a hysterectomy

Placenta increta

Placenta penetrates the myometrium; results in a cesarean section and hysterectomy

Placenta percreta

Placenta penetrates outside the uterus and grows into surrounding organs. Results in a cesarean section and hysterectomy

Placental Insufficiency

Placenta is unable to provide enough nourisment for the fetus

Abruptio Placenta

Premature separation of the placenta. Obstetrical emergency as both mother and fetus will bleed out.

Ectopic Pregnancy

Embryo does not implant in the uterus

Blighted ovum

Gestations sac forms without embryo that develops.

Molar pregnancy

Also known as a hydatidifom mole; fetus does not form with an overgrowth of placenta and can cause a benign tumor of the uterus.

Endometriosis

Caused by insufficient menstruation. Some of the endometrial tissue migrates out of the uterus and re-implants on other organs.

Adenomyosis

Endometrial tissue remains in the uterus but imbeds itself deeper into the uterine muscle causing the uterus to expand.

Cystocele

Bladder falls into the vagina; fixed with an anterior colporrhaphy

Rectocele

Rectum falls into the vagina; repaired with a posterior colporrhaphy

Enterocele

Small intestine falls into the vagina

culdocentesis

Peritoneal fluid is obtained from the pouch of Douglas

Colposcopy

A colposcope is positioned to examine the cervix, vagina and vulva - indicated due to an abnormal pap smear

Hysteroscopy

Hysteroscope is used to take pictures of the inside of the uterus to view adhesions, locate an IUD or determine the cause of repeated miscarriage.

Hystersapingogram

or sonohysterography, is done to evaluate the inside of the uterine cavity

LEEP

Loop electrosurgical excision procedure

Pfannenstiel incision

Transverse semilunar incision made just above the pubic bone. "Bikini Cut"

Ligament important for prevention of uterine prolaps into the vagina

Uterosacral ligament