7, 8. Molecular Mechanisms of Arrhythmias and Drugs Flashcards
Cardiac arrhythmias are acquired subsequent to what 7 things?
MI, ischemia, acidosis, alkalosis, electrolyte abnormalities, drug toxicitiy, or excessive catecholamine exposure
Name a cardiac glycoside that can cause arrhythmias.
digoxin
Name some antihistamines that can cause arrhythmias.
astemizole, terfenadine
Name an antibiotic that can cause arrhythmias.
sulfamethoxazole
What are the 1a targets of antiarrhythmic drugs?
- cardiac Na+ channels (INa)
2, Ca2+ channels (ICa-L) - K+ channels (IKs and IKr)
- β-adrenergic receptors
What drugs can reduce the incidence of sudden cardiac death?
β-blockers
What is familial long QT syndrome?
a genetic prolongation of the duration of the cardiac AP (phase 2 plateau phase in the QT interval) that can lead to ventricular arrhythmia and death
What is torsades de pointes?
a polymorphic ventricular tachycardia that can degenerate into v-fib
What triggers torsades de pointes?
an abrupt increase in sympathetic tone
How are long QT patients treated?
β-adrenergic receptor blockers (β-blockers)
What is Brugada syndrome?
an inherited v-fib with only 40% survival to age 5- caused by mutations in Na+ channels
What is yotiao?
a protein that normally targets PKA, the effector of β receptors in cardiac Ca and K channels
What are the 2 general mechanisms of arrhythmia generation?
- inappropriate impulse initiation at the SA node or ectopically
- disturbed impulse conduction in nodes, Purkinje cells, or myocytes
Why do ectopic foci occur?
SA nodal pacemaker is abnormally slow or ectopic focus is abnormally fast; infarct
What does EAD stand for?
early afterdepolarizations
When do EADs occur?
in late phase 2 or early phase 3
What causes EADs?
re-activation of Ca2+ channels in response to elevated Ca2+
What does DAD stand for?
delayed afterdepolarizations
When do DADs occur?
during early phase 4
What causes DADs?
initiated by elevated [Ca2+]in and elevated Na+/Ca2+ exchange
What is NCX?
the sodium-calcium exchanger