14. ANS Phys Flashcards
1
Q
______ causes vasoconstriction, while _____ causes vasodilation.
A
Increased sympathetic output; decreased sympathetic output
1
Q
The preganglionic neurons of the ____ are located in brainstem nuclei and in the sacral spinal cord.
A
PNS
1
Q
Visceral sensory information is conveyed via the _____ in the medulla.
A
nucleus of the solitary tract
2
Q
_____ such as propranolol are used to treat hypertension (high blood pressure) and coronary artery disease.
A
Beta-blockers
3
Q
The splanchnic nerves contain preganglionic axons arising from the _____.
A
lower 7 thoracic spinal levels
3
Q
Axons pass through the spinal trunk to innervate postganglionic sympathetic neurons located in the ___ and _____.
A
celiac and mesenteric ganglia
4
Q
____ ratio of pre- to post-ganglionic neurons in the SNS.
A
1:10
5
Q
After passing through the _______ (myelinated) and entering the sympathetic trunk, they branch to innervate postganglionic neurons in multiple levels of the spinal trunk.
A
white ramus communicans
5
Q
Postganglionic neurons exit the spinal trunk through the gray rami communicans (unmyelinated) and travel in the spinal nerves to reach?
A
sweat glands, peripheral blood vessels, hair follicles, etc
6
Q
To counteract the bronchoconstriction that occurs in asthma or severe anaphylactic reactions, epinephrine or a more selective β2 agonist is administered to initiate _______.
A
bronchodilation
6
Q
• Angiotensin II: – Constricts blood vessels – Acts on kidney to increase water retention – Activates neurons in ______
A
subfornical organ
7
Q
The axons from the preganglionic neurons in the sacral portion of the parasympathetic system travel in the _____ to innervate ganglia associated with the colon, rectum, urinary bladder, and genital organs
A
splanchnic nerves
8
Q
PNS neurons are located in the _____ (paravertebral chain ganglia).
A
ganglia of the sympathetic trunk
9
Q
The ______ of the sympathetic nervous system are located in the intermediolateral column of the thoracic and upper lumbar segments of the spinal cord.
A
preganglionic neurons
9
Q
The ______ is a ligand-gated, non-selective cation channel.
A
nicotinic receptor
9
Q
The β2 adrenergic receptor: Antagonist example?
A
Butaxamine
10
Q
Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter released by _____.
A
preganglionic sympathetic neurons
11
Q
The nicotinic receptor is a _____ channel.
A
ligand-gated, non-selective cation
12
Q
To counteract the bronchoconstriction that occurs in asthma or severe anaphylactic reactions, ____ or a more selective _____ is administered to initiate bronchodilation.
A
epi; β2 agonist
14
Q
The postganglionic neurons project to _____ where they innervate smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, or glands.
A
the target organ
14
Q
What is another name for an adrenergic receptor antagonist?
A
parasympathomimetic
15
Q
There are two types of cholinergic receptors to which ACh binds and elicits a cholinergic response: ____ and _____.
A
nicotinic; muscarinic
16
Q
The β1 adrenergic receptor: CV-related action of agonist? Agonist example?
A
Increased heart rate Dobutamine
17
Q
_____ located in the brainstem or spinal cord connect to ______ located in autonomic ganglia outside the CNS.
A
Preganglionic neurons; postganglionic neurons
17
The preganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic nervous system are located in _____ and in the \_\_\_\_\_.
brainstem nuclei; sacral spinal cord
17
There are two types of cholinergic receptors to which ____ binds and elicits a cholinergic response: nicotinic and muscarinic.
ACh
18
The axons from these preganglionic neurons exit the spinal cord in the _____ of the corresponding spinal nerves.
ventral roots
18
The α1 adrenergic receptor: - CV-related action of agonist? - Agonist example?
vasoconstriction in skin Phenylephrine
19
What is a cluster of cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system called?
a ganglion
20
The postganglionic sympathetic neurons involved in regulation of the GI tract are located in the celiac and mesenteric ganglia. Their axons form the _____ innervating the abdominal viscera.
perivascular plexuses
20
\_\_\_\_ ratio of pre- to post-ganglionic neurons in the PNS.
1:3
22
In contrast to the somatic (motor) nervous system that controls skeletal muscle contraction, the autonomic nervous system is characterized by a _____ between the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral target organ.
two-neuron link
23
\_\_\_\_ causes renin to be released from the kidneys.
Low blood pressure
24
Axons pass through the spinal trunk to innervate _____ located in the celiac and mesenteric ganglia.
postganglionic sympathetic neurons
24
Beta-blockers such as propranolol are used to treat _____ and \_\_\_\_\_.
hypertension (high blood pressure); coronary artery disease
25
1:10 ratio of pre- to post-ganglionic neurons in the ____ nervous system.
sympathetic
26
How are NE or ACh released?
exocytosis
27
Postganglionic neurons exit the spinal trunk through the ______ (unmyelinated) and travel in the spinal nerves to reach the sweat glands, peripheral blood vessels, hair follicles, etc.
gray rami communicans
28
The α2 adrenergic receptor: CV-related action of agonist? Agonist example?
Presynaptic inhibition of NE release; some vasoconstriction Clonidine
29
The _____ is organized in the medulla with afferent information transmitted in the glossopharyngeal nerve (cranial nerve IX).
baroreflex
30
The α2 adrenergic receptor: Antagonist example?
Trazodone
31
ACh acts on the nicotinic cholinergic receptors on postganglionic neurons and causes ____ and ____ of the postganglionic neuron.
depolarization; firing
32
The _____ of the parasympathetic nervous system are located in brainstem nuclei and in the sacral spinal cord.
preganglionic neurons
33
The parasympathetic, postganglionic neurons use ____ as their neurotransmitter and are characterized by short axons.
ACh
35
Axons pass through the _____ to innervate postganglionic sympathetic neurons located in the celiac and mesenteric ganglia.
spinal trunk
35
\_\_\_\_\_ acts on the nicotinic cholinergic receptors on postganglionic neurons and causes depolarization and firing of the postganglionic neuron.
ACh
36
The ____ exit the brainstem in cranial nerves III (oculomotor), VII (facial), IX (glossopharyngeal), and X (vagus).
parasympathetic preganglionic fibers
37
Transmission over the preganglionic fibers is relatively fast because they are composed of \_\_\_\_\_\_.
myelinated fibers
38
Increased parasympathetic output results in \_\_\_\_\_.
decreased heart rate and force of contraction
38
\_\_\_\_\_\_ results in decreased heart rate and force of contraction.
Increased parasympathetic output
39
Mainly _____ receptors are present in the cell body of postganglionic neurons of the autonomic ganglia whereas _____ receptors are present on the effector cells of cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands.
nicotinic; muscarinic
40
Low blood pressure causes renin to be released from \_\_\_\_\_.
the kidneys
41
The preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system are located in the ______ of the thoracic and upper lumbar segments of the spinal cord.
intermediolateral column
42
Mainly nicotinic receptors are present in the _____ whereas muscarinic receptors are present on the effector cells of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
cell body of postganglionic neurons of the autonomic ganglia ; cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands
44
\_\_\_\_\_ are characterized by long axon, ACh, and they innervate postganglionic neurons in ganglia near the effector organs.
parasympathetic, preganglionic fibers
46
Postganglionic sympathetic neurons release _____ as their neurotransmitter.
norepinephrine
46
Beta-blockers such as _____ are used to treat hypertension (high blood pressure) and coronary artery disease.
propranolol
48
\_\_\_\_\_ exit the spinal trunk through the gray rami communicans (unmyelinated) and travel in the spinal nerves to reach the sweat glands, peripheral blood vessels, hair follicles, etc.
Postganglionic neurons
49
The splanchnic nerves contain _____ arising from the lower 7 thoracic spinal levels.
preganglionic axons
50
Transmission over the _____ is relatively fast because they are composed of myelinated fibers.
preganglionic fibers
51
After passing through the white ramus communicans (\_\_\_\_\_\_) and entering the sympathetic trunk, they branch to innervate postganglionic neurons in multiple levels of the spinal trunk.
myelinated
53
The autonomic nervous system consists of the _____ and the \_\_\_\_\_\_.
sympathetic nervous system; parasympathetic nervous system
54
Vasopressin (aka ADH) • Low blood pressure is detected by \_\_\_\_\_\_…. • Which causes release of vasopressin in posterior pituitary… • Which causes vasoconstriction… • Which acts on kidneys to increase water retention
subfornical organ
56
The postganglionic cells in the adrenal medulla are innervated by preganglionic sympathetic neurons located in thoracic levels ____ of the spinal cord.
6-9
56
What is another name for an adrenergic receptor agonist?
sympathomimetic
57
• Angiotensin II: – ______ – Acts on kidney to increase water retention – Activates neurons in subfornical organ
Constricts blood vessels
58
\_\_\_\_\_ is conveyed via the nucleus of the solitary tract in the medulla.
Visceral sensory information
59
• Angiotensin II: – Constricts blood vessels – Acts on kidney to ______ – Activates neurons in subfornical organ
increase water retention
60
The axons from these preganglionic neurons exit the spinal cord in the ventral roots of the corresponding \_\_\_\_\_.
spinal nerves
61
\_\_\_\_\_ (aka ADH) • Low blood pressure is detected by subfornical organ…. • Which causes release of ______ in posterior pituitary… • Which causes vasoconstriction… • Which acts on kidneys to increase water retention
vasopressin
63
The adrenal medulla functions as a neuroendocrine gland because its postganglionic cells secrete _____ (80-90%) and ______ (10-20%) into the bloodstream.
epinephrine; norepinephrine
64
\_\_\_\_\_ are located in the ganglia of the sympathetic trunk (paravertebral chain ganglia).
PNS neurons
66
The parasympathetic, preganglionic fibers are characterized by?
long axons ACh innervate postganglionic neurons in ganglia near the effector organs
67
• \_\_\_\_\_\_\_: – Constricts blood vessels – Acts on kidney to increase water retention – Activates neurons in subfornical organ
Angiotensin II
69
\_\_\_\_\_ is the neurotransmitter released by preganglionic sympathetic neurons.
Acetylcholine
70
The β2 adrenergic receptor: - CV-related action of agonist? - Agonist example?
Increased heart rate; vasodilation in skeletal muscle Albuterol
71
Increased sympathetic output causes \_\_\_\_\_, while decreased sympathetic output causes \_\_\_\_\_\_.
vasoconstriction, increased heart rate, increased force of contraction; vasodilation
72
After passing through the white ramus communicans (myelinated) and entering the sympathetic trunk, they branch to innervate _______ in multiple levels of the spinal trunk.
postganglionic neurons
73
The preganglionic neurons of the ____ are located in the intermediolateral column of the thoracic and upper lumbar segments of the spinal cord.
SNS
74
PNS neurons are located in the ganglia of the sympathetic trunk (\_\_\_\_\_).
paravertebral chain ganglia
75
What is a ganglion?
a cluster of cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system
76
The baroreflex is organized in the _____ with afferent information transmitted in the glossopharyngeal nerve (cranial nerve IX).
medulla
77
The β1 adrenergic receptor: Antagonist example?
Atenolol
78
1:3 ratio of pre- to post-ganglionic neurons in the _____ nervous system.
parasympathetic
80
The adrenal medulla functions as a _____ because its postganglionic cells secrete epinephrine (80-90%) and norepinephrine (10-20%) into the bloodstream.
neuroendocrine gland
81
The _____ are organized in the pons, and the pupillary reflexes are organized in the \_\_\_\_\_.
respiratory reflexes; midbrain
82
Visceral sensory information is conveyed via the nucleus of the solitary tract in the \_\_\_\_\_.
medulla
83
The baroreflex is organized in the medulla with afferent information transmitted in the \_\_\_\_\_.
glossopharyngeal nerve (cranial nerve IX)
85
ACh acts on the ______ receptors on postganglionic neurons and causes depolarization and firing of the postganglionic neuron.
nicotinic cholinergic
86
The preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system are located in the intermediolateral column of the _____ and _____ segments of the spinal cord.
thoracic; upper lumbar
88
The postganglionic sympathetic neurons involved in regulation of the GI tract are located in the ____ and \_\_\_\_\_. Their axons form the perivascular plexuses innervating the abdominal viscera.
celiac; mesenteric ganglia
89
The _____ functions as a neuroendocrine gland because its postganglionic cells secrete epinephrine (80-90%) and norepinephrine (10-20%) into the bloodstream.
adrenal medulla
90
\_\_\_\_\_ release norepinephrine as their neurotransmitter.
Postganglionic sympathetic neurons
91
The parasympathetic preganglionic fibers exit the brainstem in cranial nerves \_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_, and \_\_\_\_.
III (oculomotor), VII (facial), IX (glossopharyngeal), and X (vagus)
92
The respiratory reflexes are organized in the \_\_\_\_\_, and the _____ are organized in the midbrain.
pons; pupillary reflexes
93
The _____ contain preganglionic axons arising from the lower 7 thoracic spinal levels.
splanchnic nerves
95
After passing through the white ramus communicans (myelinated) and entering the \_\_\_\_\_\_, they branch to innervate postganglionic neurons in multiple levels of the spinal trunk.
sympathetic trunk
96
Postganglionic neurons exit the spinal trunk through the gray rami communicans (\_\_\_\_\_\_) and travel in the spinal nerves to reach the sweat glands, peripheral blood vessels, hair follicles, etc.
unmyelinated
97
The postganglionic cells in the _____ are innervated by preganglionic sympathetic neurons located in thoracic levels 6-9 of the spinal cord.
adrenal medulla
98
The axons from the preganglionic neurons in the sacral portion of the parasympathetic system travel in the splanchnic nerves to innervate ganglia associated with the \_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_, and \_\_\_\_\_.
colon, rectum, urinary bladder, and genital organs
99
The axons from the preganglionic neurons in the ____ of the parasympathetic system travel in the splanchnic nerves to innervate ganglia associated with the colon, rectum, urinary bladder, and genital organs
sacral portion
100
The α1 adrenergic receptor: Antagonist example?
Doxazosin
101
The axons from the _____ in the sacral portion of the parasympathetic system travel in the splanchnic nerves to innervate ganglia associated with the colon, rectum, urinary bladder, and genital organs
preganglionic neurons
102
The postganglionic cells in the adrenal medulla are innervated by ______ located in thoracic levels 6-9 of the spinal cord.
preganglionic sympathetic neurons
104
The role of the autonomic nervous system is to \_\_\_\_\_.
maintain homeostasis in the internal environment
105
Preganglionic neurons located in the ____ or ____ connect to postganglionic neurons located in _____ outside the CNS.
brainstem; spinal cord; autonomic ganglia
106
The postganglionic fibers are \_\_\_\_\_\_.
unmyelinated
107
The parasympathetic, postganglionic neurons use ACh as their neurotransmitter and are characterized by ____ axons.
short
109
The ______ use ACh as their neurotransmitter and are characterized by short axons.
parasympathetic, postganglionic neurons
110
The ______ is considered the "head ganglion" of the autonomic nervous system, because it integrates information from several brain regions in order to convey the needs of the organism to the preganglionic autonomic centers in the brainstem and spinal cord.
hypothalamus
111
Low blood pressure causes _____ to be released from the kidneys.
renin
