14. ANS Phys Flashcards
______ causes vasoconstriction, while _____ causes vasodilation.
Increased sympathetic output; decreased sympathetic output
The preganglionic neurons of the ____ are located in brainstem nuclei and in the sacral spinal cord.
PNS
Visceral sensory information is conveyed via the _____ in the medulla.
nucleus of the solitary tract
_____ such as propranolol are used to treat hypertension (high blood pressure) and coronary artery disease.
Beta-blockers
The splanchnic nerves contain preganglionic axons arising from the _____.
lower 7 thoracic spinal levels
Axons pass through the spinal trunk to innervate postganglionic sympathetic neurons located in the ___ and _____.
celiac and mesenteric ganglia
____ ratio of pre- to post-ganglionic neurons in the SNS.
1:10
After passing through the _______ (myelinated) and entering the sympathetic trunk, they branch to innervate postganglionic neurons in multiple levels of the spinal trunk.
white ramus communicans
Postganglionic neurons exit the spinal trunk through the gray rami communicans (unmyelinated) and travel in the spinal nerves to reach?
sweat glands, peripheral blood vessels, hair follicles, etc
To counteract the bronchoconstriction that occurs in asthma or severe anaphylactic reactions, epinephrine or a more selective β2 agonist is administered to initiate _______.
bronchodilation
• Angiotensin II: – Constricts blood vessels – Acts on kidney to increase water retention – Activates neurons in ______
subfornical organ
The axons from the preganglionic neurons in the sacral portion of the parasympathetic system travel in the _____ to innervate ganglia associated with the colon, rectum, urinary bladder, and genital organs
splanchnic nerves
PNS neurons are located in the _____ (paravertebral chain ganglia).
ganglia of the sympathetic trunk
The ______ of the sympathetic nervous system are located in the intermediolateral column of the thoracic and upper lumbar segments of the spinal cord.
preganglionic neurons
The ______ is a ligand-gated, non-selective cation channel.
nicotinic receptor
The β2 adrenergic receptor: Antagonist example?
Butaxamine
Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter released by _____.
preganglionic sympathetic neurons
The nicotinic receptor is a _____ channel.
ligand-gated, non-selective cation
To counteract the bronchoconstriction that occurs in asthma or severe anaphylactic reactions, ____ or a more selective _____ is administered to initiate bronchodilation.
epi; β2 agonist
The postganglionic neurons project to _____ where they innervate smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, or glands.
the target organ
What is another name for an adrenergic receptor antagonist?
parasympathomimetic
There are two types of cholinergic receptors to which ACh binds and elicits a cholinergic response: ____ and _____.
nicotinic; muscarinic
The β1 adrenergic receptor: CV-related action of agonist? Agonist example?
Increased heart rate Dobutamine
_____ located in the brainstem or spinal cord connect to ______ located in autonomic ganglia outside the CNS.
Preganglionic neurons; postganglionic neurons
The preganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic nervous system are located in _____ and in the _____.
brainstem nuclei; sacral spinal cord
There are two types of cholinergic receptors to which ____ binds and elicits a cholinergic response: nicotinic and muscarinic.
ACh
The axons from these preganglionic neurons exit the spinal cord in the _____ of the corresponding spinal nerves.
ventral roots
The α1 adrenergic receptor: - CV-related action of agonist? - Agonist example?
vasoconstriction in skin Phenylephrine
What is a cluster of cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system called?
a ganglion
The postganglionic sympathetic neurons involved in regulation of the GI tract are located in the celiac and mesenteric ganglia. Their axons form the _____ innervating the abdominal viscera.
perivascular plexuses
____ ratio of pre- to post-ganglionic neurons in the PNS.
1:3
In contrast to the somatic (motor) nervous system that controls skeletal muscle contraction, the autonomic nervous system is characterized by a _____ between the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral target organ.
two-neuron link
____ causes renin to be released from the kidneys.
Low blood pressure
Axons pass through the spinal trunk to innervate _____ located in the celiac and mesenteric ganglia.
postganglionic sympathetic neurons
Beta-blockers such as propranolol are used to treat _____ and _____.
hypertension (high blood pressure); coronary artery disease
1:10 ratio of pre- to post-ganglionic neurons in the ____ nervous system.
sympathetic
How are NE or ACh released?
exocytosis
Postganglionic neurons exit the spinal trunk through the ______ (unmyelinated) and travel in the spinal nerves to reach the sweat glands, peripheral blood vessels, hair follicles, etc.
gray rami communicans
The α2 adrenergic receptor: CV-related action of agonist? Agonist example?
Presynaptic inhibition of NE release; some vasoconstriction Clonidine
The _____ is organized in the medulla with afferent information transmitted in the glossopharyngeal nerve (cranial nerve IX).
baroreflex
The α2 adrenergic receptor: Antagonist example?
Trazodone
ACh acts on the nicotinic cholinergic receptors on postganglionic neurons and causes ____ and ____ of the postganglionic neuron.
depolarization; firing
The _____ of the parasympathetic nervous system are located in brainstem nuclei and in the sacral spinal cord.
preganglionic neurons
The parasympathetic, postganglionic neurons use ____ as their neurotransmitter and are characterized by short axons.
ACh
Axons pass through the _____ to innervate postganglionic sympathetic neurons located in the celiac and mesenteric ganglia.
spinal trunk
_____ acts on the nicotinic cholinergic receptors on postganglionic neurons and causes depolarization and firing of the postganglionic neuron.
ACh
The ____ exit the brainstem in cranial nerves III (oculomotor), VII (facial), IX (glossopharyngeal), and X (vagus).
parasympathetic preganglionic fibers
Transmission over the preganglionic fibers is relatively fast because they are composed of ______.
myelinated fibers
Increased parasympathetic output results in _____.
decreased heart rate and force of contraction
______ results in decreased heart rate and force of contraction.
Increased parasympathetic output
Mainly _____ receptors are present in the cell body of postganglionic neurons of the autonomic ganglia whereas _____ receptors are present on the effector cells of cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands.
nicotinic; muscarinic
Low blood pressure causes renin to be released from _____.
the kidneys
The preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system are located in the ______ of the thoracic and upper lumbar segments of the spinal cord.
intermediolateral column
Mainly nicotinic receptors are present in the _____ whereas muscarinic receptors are present on the effector cells of _______.
cell body of postganglionic neurons of the autonomic ganglia ; cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands
_____ are characterized by long axon, ACh, and they innervate postganglionic neurons in ganglia near the effector organs.
parasympathetic, preganglionic fibers
Postganglionic sympathetic neurons release _____ as their neurotransmitter.
norepinephrine
Beta-blockers such as _____ are used to treat hypertension (high blood pressure) and coronary artery disease.
propranolol
_____ exit the spinal trunk through the gray rami communicans (unmyelinated) and travel in the spinal nerves to reach the sweat glands, peripheral blood vessels, hair follicles, etc.
Postganglionic neurons
The splanchnic nerves contain _____ arising from the lower 7 thoracic spinal levels.
preganglionic axons
Transmission over the _____ is relatively fast because they are composed of myelinated fibers.
preganglionic fibers
After passing through the white ramus communicans (______) and entering the sympathetic trunk, they branch to innervate postganglionic neurons in multiple levels of the spinal trunk.
myelinated
The autonomic nervous system consists of the _____ and the ______.
sympathetic nervous system; parasympathetic nervous system
Vasopressin (aka ADH) • Low blood pressure is detected by ______…. • Which causes release of vasopressin in posterior pituitary… • Which causes vasoconstriction… • Which acts on kidneys to increase water retention
subfornical organ
The postganglionic cells in the adrenal medulla are innervated by preganglionic sympathetic neurons located in thoracic levels ____ of the spinal cord.
6-9
What is another name for an adrenergic receptor agonist?
sympathomimetic
• Angiotensin II: – ______ – Acts on kidney to increase water retention – Activates neurons in subfornical organ
Constricts blood vessels
_____ is conveyed via the nucleus of the solitary tract in the medulla.
Visceral sensory information
• Angiotensin II: – Constricts blood vessels – Acts on kidney to ______ – Activates neurons in subfornical organ
increase water retention
The axons from these preganglionic neurons exit the spinal cord in the ventral roots of the corresponding _____.
spinal nerves
_____ (aka ADH) • Low blood pressure is detected by subfornical organ…. • Which causes release of ______ in posterior pituitary… • Which causes vasoconstriction… • Which acts on kidneys to increase water retention
vasopressin
The adrenal medulla functions as a neuroendocrine gland because its postganglionic cells secrete _____ (80-90%) and ______ (10-20%) into the bloodstream.
epinephrine; norepinephrine
_____ are located in the ganglia of the sympathetic trunk (paravertebral chain ganglia).
PNS neurons
The parasympathetic, preganglionic fibers are characterized by?
long axons ACh innervate postganglionic neurons in ganglia near the effector organs
• _______: – Constricts blood vessels – Acts on kidney to increase water retention – Activates neurons in subfornical organ
Angiotensin II
_____ is the neurotransmitter released by preganglionic sympathetic neurons.
Acetylcholine
The β2 adrenergic receptor: - CV-related action of agonist? - Agonist example?
Increased heart rate; vasodilation in skeletal muscle Albuterol
Increased sympathetic output causes _____, while decreased sympathetic output causes ______.
vasoconstriction, increased heart rate, increased force of contraction; vasodilation
After passing through the white ramus communicans (myelinated) and entering the sympathetic trunk, they branch to innervate _______ in multiple levels of the spinal trunk.
postganglionic neurons
The preganglionic neurons of the ____ are located in the intermediolateral column of the thoracic and upper lumbar segments of the spinal cord.
SNS
PNS neurons are located in the ganglia of the sympathetic trunk (_____).
paravertebral chain ganglia
What is a ganglion?
a cluster of cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system
The baroreflex is organized in the _____ with afferent information transmitted in the glossopharyngeal nerve (cranial nerve IX).
medulla
The β1 adrenergic receptor: Antagonist example?
Atenolol
1:3 ratio of pre- to post-ganglionic neurons in the _____ nervous system.
parasympathetic
The adrenal medulla functions as a _____ because its postganglionic cells secrete epinephrine (80-90%) and norepinephrine (10-20%) into the bloodstream.
neuroendocrine gland
The _____ are organized in the pons, and the pupillary reflexes are organized in the _____.
respiratory reflexes; midbrain
Visceral sensory information is conveyed via the nucleus of the solitary tract in the _____.
medulla
The baroreflex is organized in the medulla with afferent information transmitted in the _____.
glossopharyngeal nerve (cranial nerve IX)
ACh acts on the ______ receptors on postganglionic neurons and causes depolarization and firing of the postganglionic neuron.
nicotinic cholinergic
The preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system are located in the intermediolateral column of the _____ and _____ segments of the spinal cord.
thoracic; upper lumbar
The postganglionic sympathetic neurons involved in regulation of the GI tract are located in the ____ and _____. Their axons form the perivascular plexuses innervating the abdominal viscera.
celiac; mesenteric ganglia
The _____ functions as a neuroendocrine gland because its postganglionic cells secrete epinephrine (80-90%) and norepinephrine (10-20%) into the bloodstream.
adrenal medulla
_____ release norepinephrine as their neurotransmitter.
Postganglionic sympathetic neurons
The parasympathetic preganglionic fibers exit the brainstem in cranial nerves ____, ____, _____, and ____.
III (oculomotor), VII (facial), IX (glossopharyngeal), and X (vagus)
The respiratory reflexes are organized in the _____, and the _____ are organized in the midbrain.
pons; pupillary reflexes
The _____ contain preganglionic axons arising from the lower 7 thoracic spinal levels.
splanchnic nerves
After passing through the white ramus communicans (myelinated) and entering the ______, they branch to innervate postganglionic neurons in multiple levels of the spinal trunk.
sympathetic trunk
Postganglionic neurons exit the spinal trunk through the gray rami communicans (______) and travel in the spinal nerves to reach the sweat glands, peripheral blood vessels, hair follicles, etc.
unmyelinated
The postganglionic cells in the _____ are innervated by preganglionic sympathetic neurons located in thoracic levels 6-9 of the spinal cord.
adrenal medulla
The axons from the preganglionic neurons in the sacral portion of the parasympathetic system travel in the splanchnic nerves to innervate ganglia associated with the ____, ____, _____, and _____.
colon, rectum, urinary bladder, and genital organs
The axons from the preganglionic neurons in the ____ of the parasympathetic system travel in the splanchnic nerves to innervate ganglia associated with the colon, rectum, urinary bladder, and genital organs
sacral portion
The α1 adrenergic receptor: Antagonist example?
Doxazosin
The axons from the _____ in the sacral portion of the parasympathetic system travel in the splanchnic nerves to innervate ganglia associated with the colon, rectum, urinary bladder, and genital organs
preganglionic neurons
The postganglionic cells in the adrenal medulla are innervated by ______ located in thoracic levels 6-9 of the spinal cord.
preganglionic sympathetic neurons
The role of the autonomic nervous system is to _____.
maintain homeostasis in the internal environment
Preganglionic neurons located in the ____ or ____ connect to postganglionic neurons located in _____ outside the CNS.
brainstem; spinal cord; autonomic ganglia
The postganglionic fibers are ______.
unmyelinated
The parasympathetic, postganglionic neurons use ACh as their neurotransmitter and are characterized by ____ axons.
short
The ______ use ACh as their neurotransmitter and are characterized by short axons.
parasympathetic, postganglionic neurons
The ______ is considered the “head ganglion” of the autonomic nervous system, because it integrates information from several brain regions in order to convey the needs of the organism to the preganglionic autonomic centers in the brainstem and spinal cord.
hypothalamus
Low blood pressure causes _____ to be released from the kidneys.
renin
