1. Overview and Anatomy Flashcards by Lindsey Herrera

Name the 4 functions of the CV system

o distributes dissolved gases & nutrients
o removes metabolic waste
o contributes to systemic homeostasis by controlling temp, O2 supply, pH, ionic composition, nutrient supply
o quickly adapts to changes in conditions and metabolic demands

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What are the 3 parts to the CV system?

heart, blood, vasculature (including lymphatic sys)

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How are the L and R heart connected?

They’re not

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Describe pulmonary circulation.

low pressure, single pathway btw heart and lungs

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Describe systemic circulation.

high pressure, multiple pathways from heart to vascular beds, arranged in parallel

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Why is systemic circulation arranged in parallel?

To deliver oxygenated blood to only one organ before returing to the heart,

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Which organ receives the majority of resting blood flow?

the brain

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What are the 3 layers of the heart wall and what do they consist of?

o epicardium (outer membrane = connective tissue & fat)
o myocardium (thick muscle layer)
o endocardium (inner membrane = enothelial cells)

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______ encloses the entire heart.

Pericardium

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What is the epicardium?

the outer membrane of the heart wall consisting of CT and fat

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What is the myocardium?

the thick muscular middle layer of the heart wall

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What is the thick muscular middle layer of the heart wall called?

the myocardium

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What is the outer membrane of the heart wall consisting of CT and fat called?

the epicardium

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What is the endocardium?

the inner membrane of the heart wall containing endothelial cells

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What is the inner membrane of the heart wall containing endothelial cells called?

the endocardium

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Describe the pericardium.

a fluid-filled sac that encloses the entire heart but is not connected to it. Stiff and non-compliant- resists sudden distention of heart chambers

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What is pericarditis?

inflammation of the pericardium, which restricts filling of the heart

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Which ventricle is bigger and has thicker walls?

the left ventricle

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Where is the tricuspid valve?

between right atrium & right ventricle

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Where is the pulmonic valve?

between right ventricle & pulmonary artery

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Where is the mitral valve?

between left atrium & left ventricle

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Where is the aortic valve?

between left ventricle & aorta

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Which valve is between the left ventricle & aorta?

the aortic valve

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Which valve is between the left ventricle & left atrium?

mitral valve

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Which valve is between the right ventricle & pulmonary artery?

the pulmonic valve

Which valve is between the right atrium and right ventricle?

the tricuspid valve

Name the 2 atrioventricular valves.

1. tricuspid 2. mitral

What attaches to the atrioventricular valves?

chordae tendonae

Name the 2 semilunar valves.

1. pulmonic 2. aortic

What are chordae tendonae?

tendon-like attachments that prevent valves from prolapsing into atria during ventricular contraction

What are valves made of?

thin flaps of fibrous tissue covered by endothelium

What is a valve prolapse?

major valve failure where the valve gets pushed backwards

Where is the SA node located?

in the wall of the R atrium

How does the SA node depolarize? What does this do?

spontaneously; initiates the heart beat

What is the intrinsic bpm for the SA node alone?

100 bpm

What regulates the SA node?

the ANS and many humoral factors

How does the SA node impulse spread through the atria?

via gap junctions

What is the purpose of the AV node between the atria and ventricles?

slows conduction to allow atrial contraction to precede ventricular contraction

What is the His-Purkinje system?

specialized cells that rapidly conduct depolarization to trigger coordinated ventricular contraction

What are specialized cells that rapidly conduct depolarization to trigger coordinated ventricular contraction called?

the His-Purkinje system

When does the majority of coronary blood flow occur and why?

during diastole bc of compression of microvasculature during systole

Coronary blood flow depends on \_\_\_\_\_.

heart rate

Describe the L main coronary artery.

it's short (~1cm), bifurcates into L anterior descending artery (LAD) and circumflex artery, and is the 1a blood supply to the L atrium and L ventricle

Describe the R main coronary artery.

it sits in the groove btw the R atrium and R ventricle and is the 1a blood supply to the R atrium and R ventricle, as well as parts of the post. L ventricle

Where do the coronary veins drain?

into the coronary sinus

Where does the coronary sinus drain?

into the R atrium near the IVC

What are the wall differences btw the aorta and the vena cava?

aorta: thicker wall, more elastic fibers vena cava: larger internal radius, more smooth muscle and lots more collagen fibers

Why do arterioles have thicker walls than the arteries?

they have more vascular smooth muscle

Where is the major site of regulation of vascular resistance?

in the arterioles

Describe a capillary.

smallest vessels- single layer of epithelial cells- no smooth muscle- 1a site of gas and nutrient exchange

Where is most of the blood volume at any given time?

in the veins/venules

What are the 3 layers of a blood vessel wall?

1. tunica adventitia 2. tunica media 3. tunica intima

What is the tunica adventitia?

the outermost BV layer consisting mainly of CT (collagen and elastin)

What is the tunica media?

the middle BV layer consisting mostly of innervated vascular smooth muscle

What is the tunica intima?

the inner layer of the BV lined with vascular endothelium

Where does athrosclerotic plaque formation occur?

in the tunica intima

What are precapillary sphincters?

smooth muscle bands at junction of arterioles and capillaries

How is blood flow thru capillary beds regulated?

constriction/dilation of arterioles and precapillary sphincters

Movement of substances between capillaries and tissue is driven by _____ and \_\_\_\_\_\_.

concentration; pressure gradients

What is lymph?

excess interstitial fluid

How are lymphatic capillaries different?

they're blind end- less numerous- much more porous w/o tight junctions

Lymph flows into lymphatic capillaries in response to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

increased interstitial pressure; contraction of smooth muscle in lymph vessels; contraction of surrounding skeletal muscle

How are lymph vessels similar to veins?

they have valves

Where does lymph rejoin circulation?

in the subclavian veins

What is the amount of lymph flow per day?

2-4 L/day

When does edema occur?

when intersitial fluid exceeds the capacity of the lymphatic system

What is the amount of blood flow per day?

7000L/day