6th - SS Chapter 24 Notes Flashcards
During the Middle Ages, life for most Europeans revolved around what?
The manor and the Church
By the 1300s, what were at work that would bring considerable changes to Europe?
New forces
What formed as a result of the rural nobility marrying into the mercantile middle class who were involved in commerce or trade?
Urban aristocracy
Why were peasants and nobles drawn from manors to towns?
In order to find opportunities to gain wealth
What weaken with the growth of trade and industry?
Feudalism
Where was a better place for commercial growth than other medieval geographic locations?
Italy
Where did the feudal order define the structure of life?
In England, France, and Spain
What was a great cultural revival that began in Italy in the 1300s?
The Renaissance
The Renaissance was greatly influenced by what?
The Egyptian, Greek, and Roman cultures
Why was Italy the birthplace of the Renaissance?
Because feudalism was not as strongly develop as in other countries
In the Italian city-states who compete for power and status?
The old aristocrats and wealth merchants
Wealthy merchants and bankers helped promote learning and the arts by doing what?
Becoming patrons
For centuries, learning had been based in the Church. Even after universities sprang up what was the most important course of study?
Theology
What did Renaissance thinkers rediscover?
The literature, art, and learning of the Ancient Greece and Rome.
Religion (theology) was not part of what type of learning?
Secular
What is the view that religion need not be the center of human affairs?
Secularism
What did the new learning of the Renaissance suggest?
That human beings and the world deserved contemplation and study as much as matter of God and faith
What was the cultural movement of the Renaissance based on the study of classical works?
Humanism
What was the belief that the individual was more important than the larger community?
Individualism
What was the collection of tales, written in the mid-1300s by Giovanni Boccaccio, that reflected the worldly views of Florentine society?
The Decameron
The Decameron was written in the ____________, or everyday spoken language of the people.
Vernacular
What were the ideas that defined the Renaissance?
Humanism, secularism, and individualism
In the Middle Ages, educated people spoke in ___________, but ordinary people spoke in vernacular languages such as __________ or _________.
Latin, Italian or French
How did Renaissance literature differ from the Middle Ages?
More books were written in the vernacular
How did Renaissance art differ from Medieval art which had religious themes?
Renaissance art dealt with realism and the living world.
What else changed?
A new perception of time
What calendar was commonly used before the Renaissance?
Julian calendar, established in Ancient Rome by Julius Caesar
In the early 1560s, who headed a commission that worked to correct inaccuracies found in the Julian calendar?
Pope Gregory XIII
How long did it take the commission to craft the Gregorian calendar?
10 years
In the Middle Ages, information moved slowly. How did that change by the time of the Renaissance?
Ideas, like trade goods, moved more rapidly.
What did many scholars look to the new learning to do?
Bring about reforms in the Church and in society.
Who was one such reformer, an English church leader and scholar?
Sir Thomas More
What word did More coin from the Greek words meaning “no place” and which was the name he gave to his ideal society?
Utopia
Who was the reformer and Dutch scholar who used satire to criticize Church leaders and practices?
Desiderius Erasmus
What is a kind of writing that uses ridicule or sarcasm to criticize vice or folly?
Satire
What was the name of Erasmus’s most famous book?
In Praise of Folly
What steps did the Church take to address the growing criticism?
Censored many works of literature to prevent people from reading the criticisms
Much of Northern Europe was still recovering from the ravages of the Black Death. Gradually the prosperous cities of Flanders, France, Germany, Belgium, and England did what?
Joined the cultural rebirth
Name two examples of painters who blended Northern Renaissance realism with the classical influences of the Italian Renaissance?
Jan van Eyck and Peter Paul Rubens
Albrecht Durer, a German artist, is sometimes known as what? And what new technique did he develope?
“Leonardo of the North”, engraving
New developments promoted the spread of humanism which included advances in what?
Printing and expansion of literacy
What did German printer Johann Gutenberg invent around 1450?
A movable metal type
What did the movable metal type method allow?
Individual letters formed in metal could be used again and again to form words, lines, and pages of text.
What event increased literacy as never before? And why?
When Gutenberg published the Bible in 1455 because printed Bibles were less expensive than handwritten ones and many people learned to read using Bibles they had at home.
During the Renaissance, Europeans began to think differently about what?
Themselves and the world
Who sought to adapt classical ideas to new needs during the Renaissance?
Architects
What is Brunelleschi credited with discovering which is a mathematical system for representing three-dimensional space on a flat surface?
Linear perspective
What did Renaissance architect Leon Alberti call architecture meaning that it should blend beauty and usefulness for the improvement of society?
“A social art”
Who was one is the most versatile artists of the Renaissance?
Leonardo de Vinci
How did Renaissance paintings show figures?
Realistically
What is de Vinci’s most famous painting?
The Mona Lisa
De Vinci was more than a master of painting. What was he curious about?
Almost every aspect of the natural world
Who was another renowned Renaissance artist who greatest work is The Last Judgement?
Michelangelo
Renaissance writers such as Dante, Petrarch, William Shakespeare, and Miguel de Cervantes continue to do what?
Influence literature around the world.
Why was Dante’s poem the Divine Comedy significant?
Because it was written in Italian, the vernacular rather than Latin
Who wrote 37 plays, is the world’s best-known playwright and also wrote sonnets?
William Shakespeare
What was the name of the novel by Spanish author Miguel de Cervantes which is an example of the picaresque style?
Don Quixote
Who was the phrase “Renaissance man” which describes people who have many different kinds of talents and interest originally used to describe?
Leonardo de Vinci
What sums up the evolution of man from the Middle Ages to the Renaissance?
The wide variety of interests and curiosities
