6th - SS Chapter 24 Notes

Question 1

During the Middle Ages, life for most Europeans revolved around what?

Answer 1

The manor and the Church

Question 2

By the 1300s, what were at work that would bring considerable changes to Europe?

Answer 2

New forces

Question 3

What formed as a result of the rural nobility marrying into the mercantile middle class who were involved in commerce or trade?

Answer 3

Urban aristocracy

Question 4

Why were peasants and nobles drawn from manors to towns?

Answer 4

In order to find opportunities to gain wealth

Question 5

What weaken with the growth of trade and industry?

Answer 5

Feudalism

Question 6

Where was a better place for commercial growth than other medieval geographic locations?

Answer 6

Italy

Question 7

Where did the feudal order define the structure of life?

Answer 7

In England, France, and Spain

Question 8

What was a great cultural revival that began in Italy in the 1300s?

Answer 8

The Renaissance

Question 9

The Renaissance was greatly influenced by what?

Answer 9

The Egyptian, Greek, and Roman cultures

Question 10

Why was Italy the birthplace of the Renaissance?

Answer 10

Because feudalism was not as strongly develop as in other countries

Question 11

In the Italian city-states who compete for power and status?

Answer 11

The old aristocrats and wealth merchants

Question 12

Wealthy merchants and bankers helped promote learning and the arts by doing what?

Answer 12

Becoming patrons

Question 13

For centuries, learning had been based in the Church. Even after universities sprang up what was the most important course of study?

Answer 13

Theology

Question 14

What did Renaissance thinkers rediscover?

Answer 14

The literature, art, and learning of the Ancient Greece and Rome.

Question 15

Religion (theology) was not part of what type of learning?

Answer 15

Secular

Question 16

What is the view that religion need not be the center of human affairs?

Answer 16

Secularism

Question 17

What did the new learning of the Renaissance suggest?

Answer 17

That human beings and the world deserved contemplation and study as much as matter of God and faith

Question 18

What was the cultural movement of the Renaissance based on the study of classical works?

Answer 18

Humanism

Question 19

What was the belief that the individual was more important than the larger community?

Answer 19

Individualism

Question 20

What was the collection of tales, written in the mid-1300s by Giovanni Boccaccio, that reflected the worldly views of Florentine society?

Answer 20

The Decameron

Question 21

The Decameron was written in the ____________, or everyday spoken language of the people.

Answer 21

Vernacular

Question 22

What were the ideas that defined the Renaissance?

Answer 22

Humanism, secularism, and individualism

Question 23

In the Middle Ages, educated people spoke in ___________, but ordinary people spoke in vernacular languages such as __________ or _________.

Answer 23

Latin, Italian or French

Question 24

How did Renaissance literature differ from the Middle Ages?

Answer 24

More books were written in the vernacular

Question 25

How did Renaissance art differ from Medieval art which had religious themes?

Answer 25

Renaissance art dealt with realism and the living world.

Question 26

What else changed?

Answer 26

A new perception of time

Question 27

What calendar was commonly used before the Renaissance?

Answer 27

Julian calendar, established in Ancient Rome by Julius Caesar

Question 28

In the early 1560s, who headed a commission that worked to correct inaccuracies found in the Julian calendar?

Answer 28

Pope Gregory XIII

Question 29

How long did it take the commission to craft the Gregorian calendar?

Answer 29

10 years

Question 30

In the Middle Ages, information moved slowly. How did that change by the time of the Renaissance?

Answer 30

Ideas, like trade goods, moved more rapidly.

Question 31

What did many scholars look to the new learning to do?

Answer 31

Bring about reforms in the Church and in society.

Question 32

Who was one such reformer, an English church leader and scholar?

Answer 32

Sir Thomas More

Question 33

What word did More coin from the Greek words meaning "no place" and which was the name he gave to his ideal society?

Answer 33

Utopia

Question 34

Who was the reformer and Dutch scholar who used satire to criticize Church leaders and practices?

Answer 34

Desiderius Erasmus

Question 35

What is a kind of writing that uses ridicule or sarcasm to criticize vice or folly?

Answer 35

Satire

Question 36

What was the name of Erasmus's most famous book?

Answer 36

In Praise of Folly

Question 37

What steps did the Church take to address the growing criticism?

Answer 37

Censored many works of literature to prevent people from reading the criticisms

Question 38

Much of Northern Europe was still recovering from the ravages of the Black Death. Gradually the prosperous cities of Flanders, France, Germany, Belgium, and England did what?

Answer 38

Joined the cultural rebirth

Question 39

Name two examples of painters who blended Northern Renaissance realism with the classical influences of the Italian Renaissance?

Answer 39

Jan van Eyck and Peter Paul Rubens

Question 40

Albrecht Durer, a German artist, is sometimes known as what? And what new technique did he develope?

Answer 40

"Leonardo of the North", engraving

Question 41

New developments promoted the spread of humanism which included advances in what?

Answer 41

Printing and expansion of literacy

Question 42

What did German printer Johann Gutenberg invent around 1450?

Answer 42

A movable metal type

Question 43

What did the movable metal type method allow?

Answer 43

Individual letters formed in metal could be used again and again to form words, lines, and pages of text.

Question 44

What event increased literacy as never before? And why?

Answer 44

When Gutenberg published the Bible in 1455 because printed Bibles were less expensive than handwritten ones and many people learned to read using Bibles they had at home.

Question 45

During the Renaissance, Europeans began to think differently about what?

Answer 45

Themselves and the world

Question 46

Who sought to adapt classical ideas to new needs during the Renaissance?

Answer 46

Architects

Question 47

What is Brunelleschi credited with discovering which is a mathematical system for representing three-dimensional space on a flat surface?

Answer 47

Linear perspective

Question 48

What did Renaissance architect Leon Alberti call architecture meaning that it should blend beauty and usefulness for the improvement of society?

Answer 48

"A social art"

Question 49

Who was one is the most versatile artists of the Renaissance?

Answer 49

Leonardo de Vinci

Question 50

How did Renaissance paintings show figures?

Answer 50

Realistically

Question 51

What is de Vinci's most famous painting?

Answer 51

The Mona Lisa

Question 52

De Vinci was more than a master of painting. What was he curious about?

Answer 52

Almost every aspect of the natural world

Question 53

Who was another renowned Renaissance artist who greatest work is The Last Judgement?

Answer 53

Michelangelo

Question 54

Renaissance writers such as Dante, Petrarch, William Shakespeare, and Miguel de Cervantes continue to do what?

Answer 54

Influence literature around the world.

Question 55

Why was Dante's poem the Divine Comedy significant?

Answer 55

Because it was written in Italian, the vernacular rather than Latin

Question 56

Who wrote 37 plays, is the world's best-known playwright and also wrote sonnets?

Answer 56

William Shakespeare

Question 57

What was the name of the novel by Spanish author Miguel de Cervantes which is an example of the picaresque style?

Answer 57

Don Quixote

Question 58

Who was the phrase "Renaissance man" which describes people who have many different kinds of talents and interest originally used to describe?

Answer 58

Leonardo de Vinci

Question 59

What sums up the evolution of man from the Middle Ages to the Renaissance?

Answer 59

The wide variety of interests and curiosities