6th - SS Chapter 23 Notes Flashcards
By the 1000’s, the towns were grow richer as a result of the increase in trade. What caused this increase?
Better ways of farming
As trade and markets grew larger and more important so did what else?
Towns
From AD 1000 to 1300, the number of people in Europe grew steadily. What was this population boom fueled by and why?
An increase in the food supplies which was the result of improvements in agriculture.
What could cut through and turn over the thicker soils of Northern Europe which allowed the people to farm more land?
Iron blade plows
Horse power and the new plow allowed allowed peasants to do what?
Cultivate more land.
During the High Middle Ages additional lands were need for cultivation, where was this land found?
By clearing forest and draining marshes
What did farmers develop that changed the practice of the use of the fields?
Crop rotation
What was the system called that left a third of the farmer’s land unplanted?
Three-field system
What is a unplanted field called?
Fallow
What were the advantages of the three-field system?
- Increased the amount of land that could be planted.
2. It protected farmers from starvation if one of the crops failed.
Population growth and advances in farming brought about important changes especially in trade and industry. What did this cause?
The Medieval economy boomed.
As a result of the crusades, why did trade increase?
People gained the taste for Asian goods
The desire for expensive clothes, jewelry, and weapons led to the need for what?
Long-distance trade
As trade increased, merchants needed to transfer large sum of money. Who solved this problem by creating a system that included bills of exchange?
Italian merchants
What did bills of exchange allow?
Merchants to deposit money in a bank in one city and withdraw money from a bank in a different city. They no longer needed to carry money on dangerous journeys.
As the demand for goods increased the number of what grew in the towns?
Skilled workers
What were the groups of Artisans with the same skills that joined together to protect their economic interest called?
Guilds
How were the guilds financed?
By requiring members to pay a fee
Name some examples groups that formed guilds.
- Merchants
- Grocers
- Shoemakers
What was the most widely practiced form of Christianity in Western Europe during the Middle Ages?
Roman Catholicism
Religion shaped life in the Middle Ages. The street were frequently crowded with solemn lines of people walking to or from the churches. What were these called?
Processions
By the 1200’s, what had changed about the role of monasteries?
They played a more active role in the world. They were centers of agriculture production, famous for their farming methods and many were located in towns.
Also in the 1200’s, new forms of Christian communities emerged. What was the one founded to fight heresy and to preach to ordinary people called?
Mendicant Order
The mendicant orders were founded based on what principles?
Simplicity of life and poverty - they survived by begging for food and drink
Name two examples of mendicant orders based on simplicity of life.
Franciscan Order and Poor Clares
Religion also had a great influence on what during the Middle Ages?
The arts
Why had the Church disapproved of drama?
Because of its association with the pagan world.
Eventually the Church allowed plays based on what?
On stories from the Bible
Religion also inspired some of the greatest what since ancient times?
Architecture
What is a revolutionary architectural style?
Gothic
During the High Middle Ages, most of the new cathedrals were built in what style?
Gothic
The Church also influenced what?
Cultural values and social behavior
While the conduct of Knights were often far from this, the values of what left a permanent mark on European manners?
Chivalry
The High Middle Ages saw expansion not only in trade and culture but also in what which the Church also influenced?
Education
Students were trained for priesthood at what schools?
Those attached to cathedrals
During medieval times, these schools attached to the cathedrals for the training of priest grew into what?
Universities that trained scholars at the highest levels.
The medieval university was itself a kind of what?
Guild
Who organized the university guilds?
Professors and students
What was the language of the Church and also used by scholars all across Europe to communicate with each other?
Latin
In the 1340s, rumors reached Europe about a what in the Far East?
A terrifying illness
It was told that how many had died from this in China and India?
Millions
This terrifying illness soon infected every corner of Europe. What happened as a result?
Few people remained healthy enough to grow food.
There were many catastrophes took place in the High Middle Ages. What was the first?
Famine - shortage of food
Europe had barely recovered from the famine when what happened?
War broke out
The English won many important battles in the early years of what war?
The Hundred Years’ War
The Hundred Years’ War did what to change England and France as nations ?
It helped each nation unify and develop a sense of patriotism
By the early 1400s, France appeared to be losing the war. Who turned the tide to France’s favor?
Joan of Arc
France finally won the war but the war had caused much suffering. What was France’s new enemy?
The plague
In 1347, ten years after the start of the Hundred Years’ War, Europe was struck by an attack of what?
Bubonic Plague or Black Death
Who helped carry the bubonic plague?
Traders carried it from Asia to Europe and rats carried it into the fields
People panicked as the plague spread and thousands died. How did this change society?
Fear of contact drove many to isolation
This fear also cause what?
People were looking for someone to blame. Some blames the Jews and a some Jews were killed
The plague also affected the income of the feudal lords. Why was this? What happened as a result?
Because so many serfs had died due to the plague, the manor lords were desperate for workers. So the serfs that were left demanded higher wages
How did the lords response to the demand for higher wages?
Manor lords tried to pass laws to limit the serf’s movements and freeze wages.
What happened as a result of the social tensions caused by the laws limiting serf’s movements?
The Peasants’ Revolt of 1381
Although the revolt was crushed, what never recovered?
Feudalism
Throughout Western Europe, the shock of the Black Death did what?
Hastened the end of the Middle Ages and the arrival of the modern world
