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MCAT Psy/Socio > 6C: Behavior > Flashcards

6C: Behavior Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

Brain Anatomy: Internal capsule

A

White matter structure that transmits motor signals through the corticospinal pathway

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2
Q

Brain Anatomy: Corpus Callosum

A

White matter structure that connects the two hemispheres

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3
Q

Hemispheric lateralization: right hemisphere

A

visuospatial, emotion, artistic/musical processing

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4
Q

Left hemisphere

A

linguistic and analytical processing

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5
Q

Stretch reflex

A

Muscle contacts to being stretched while the antagonist muscle relax, to regulate muscle strength

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6
Q

Lower motor neuron signs

A

Abnormalities–> fasciculations, decrease muscle tones, and decreased reflexes

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7
Q

Upper motor neuron signs

A

Abnormalities–> clonus, extensor plantar response, increase muscle tones and increase reflexes

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8
Q

Clonus

A

Rhythmic contractions of antagonistic muscles

the ankle dorsiflexes and plantarflexes involuntarily back and forth in quick succession

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9
Q

Hypertonia ( muscle tension vs muscle strength)

A

Increase tone of skeletal muscle= increase muscle tension but decrease muscle strength

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10
Q

Extensor plantar response

A

Hard object scraped on bottom of foot results in extension and abduction of toes=babinski reflex

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11
Q

Endocrine anatomy: Hypothalamus

A

Links the central nervous system and the endocrine system via the pituitary gland

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12
Q

Endocrine anatomy: Anterior Pituitary gland

A

Anterior produces FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, prolactin, Endorphins, GH

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13
Q

Post Pituitary gland

A

ADH, oxytocin

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14
Q

Thyroid gland

A

regulate body metabolism

produce T3 and T4

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15
Q

Parathyroid glands

A

Four glands–> produce parathyroid hormones–> regulate Calcium

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16
Q

Adrenal glands: Cortex: responsible for

A

producing aldosterone, cortisol, and androgens

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17
Q

Adrenal glands: Medulla: responsible for

A

Producing epinephrine and norepinephrine

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18
Q

Gonalds

A

Female: the ovaries, and in males, the testes

Stimulated by FSH/LH to release sex hormones

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19
Q

Pancreas

A

Regulate blood sugar

20
Q

3 major areas of the frontal lobe

A

1) motor cortex ( body movement)
2) prefrontal cortex ( executive function)
3) Broca’s area ( speech production)

21
Q

2 functions of Parietal lobe

A

1) Somatosensory cortex ( touch/pressure/pain)

2) spatial manipulation ( 3D orientation)

22
Q

Occipital lobe

A

responsible for visual input

23
Q

3 functions of temporal lobe

A

1) sound
2) Wernicke’s area ( language comprehension)
3) memory/emotion

24
Q

Primary and secondary visual cortex

A

The primary visual cortex, located in the occiptal lobe, processes direct visual input from the retinas.
The secondary visual cortex then further processes information from the primary cortex.

25
Q

Prefrontal cortex

A

Develops during adolescence
Regulates high level executive functions like planning, decision making, considering the future
Anterior portion of the frontal lobe

26
Q

Cerebellum

A

Located under the cerebrum
Primary functions: coordinates movement and regulates sense of position
Abnormalities in the cerebellum will cause loss of balance

27
Q

Brainstem

3 parts of the brain stem and overall function

A

midbrain/pon/medulla

regulate arousal/alterness

28
Q

Pons

A

regulate waking/relaxing

29
Q

Medulla

A

Regulates autonomic activity of the heart and lungs

30
Q

CT scan

A

Series of X-rays to that are combined into a composite image to create three dimensional image
Compared to MRI: Lower resolution than MRI, not as good for soft tissue detail, but much faster and better for bony structures

31
Q

MRI

A

Radiowaves with magnetic fields to disrupt orientation of atoms. Realignment results in signals used to create MRI three dimensional imaging
Slower than CT scan, but higher resolution and better for soft tissue

32
Q

EEG

A

non-invasive
Used to measure brain electrical activity
Can give information about seizures or sleep stages

33
Q

Magnetoencephalogram (MEG)

A

Measures brain electrical activity like EEG

Compared to EEG: higher resolution, but requires large machine and special room

34
Q

fMRI

A

Form of MRI that allows for visualization of which regions of brain are active
Measures relative amounts of oxygenated versus deoxygenated blood in the brain, thus allowing us to determine what brain areas are being used for a given task

35
Q

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

A

Combined with CT or MRI, allow for visualization of cellular activity
Provide radioactive drug (tracer) and see where the tracer is located after certain period of time

36
Q

Location of upper motor neurons

A

Located in the brain and the spinal cord

37
Q

Lower motor neurons

A

synapse between the PNS and skeletal muscle, forming a neuromuscular junction

38
Q

Neurotransmitter: Glutamate

A

The reticular activating system has diffuse projections of glutamate to the cerebral cortex
Associated with increased cortical arousal

39
Q

GABA and Glycine

A

Most common inhibitory neurotransmitters

GABA is found in the brain while glycine is found in the spinal cord

40
Q

Acetylcholine

A

High concentration in nucleus basalis and septal nuclei of the frontal lobe
Released in the neuromuscular junction of lower motor neurons

41
Q

Histamine

A

High concentration in hypothalamus with projections to the cerebral cortex

42
Q

Norepinephrine

A

High concentration in the brainstem in the pons, specifically the locus coeruleus
Also located in the autonomic nervous system, but at lower concentrations compared to acetylcholine

43
Q

Serotonin

A

High concentration in the brainstem at the raphe nuclei

44
Q

Dopamine

A

High concentration in ventral tegmental area and substantia nigra
Low concentration of dopamine in the striatum leads to Parkinson’s disease
Associated with experience of pleasure, and contributes to maintenance of addictive behaviors

45
Q

Amino acid neurotransmitters

A

Amino acid neurotransmitters
Excitatory neurotransmitters: glutamate
Inhibitory neurotransmitters: GABA (in the CNS) and glycine (in the PNS)

46
Q

Monoamine neurotransmitters

A

Include catecholamines, including epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine
Contain one amino group connected to an aromatic ring by a two-carbon chain

47
Q

Peptide neurotransmitters

A

Opioids (such as endorphins), which are involved in the perception of pain

MCAT Psy/Socio (17 decks)

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