23.Social behavior

Question 1

Authoritarian parenting

Answer 1

Very strict, primarily through punishment

Question 2

Authoritative parenting

Answer 2

Strict, but consistent and loving. Instills discipline and will listen to child’s arguments

Question 3

Permissive/ indulgent parenting

Answer 3

Non-directive and lenient, not having clear expectations

Question 4

Similarity bias in attraction

Answer 4

Only forming relationships with similar people

Question 5

Projection bias in attraction

Answer 5

Assuming that others share a similar belief system even if they don’t

Question 6

Self-serving bias in attraction

Answer 6

Tendency to attribute success to internal factors and failure to external factors, preserving our self-esteem

Question 7

False bias in attraction

Answer 7

Tendency to overestimate how much others share our belief system

Question 8

Secure attachment

Answer 8

Child shows preference for parent over strangers. Formed when caregiver has a sensitive response to child’s distress

Question 9

Avoidant attachment

Answer 9

Child shows no preference for parent over strangers. Formed when caregiver has no response to child’s distress.

Question 10

Ambivalent attachment

Answer 10

Child is distressed when parent leaves and ambivalent when parent returns. Formed when caregiver has inconsistent response to child’s distress

Question 11

Disordered attachment

Answer 11

Child shows no clear pattern of behavior when parent leaves or returns. Formed when caregiver is erratic or abusive

Question 12

Mere-exposure effect

Answer 12

A phenomenon where familiarity increases our attraction to something or someone
Supported by an experiment of individuals with anterograde amnesia, where they will rate familiar faces as more attractive even though they don’t consciously remember the faces

Question 13

What is the most significant factor in the formation of a relationship?

Answer 13

Geographical proximity

Question 14

Biological basis of aggression?

Answer 14

In the brain, the amygdala controls the fear response and results in aggressive behavior when stimulated
The frontal lobe handles impulse control and can lead to aggressive behavior when inhibited
The hormone testosterone can lead to aggression

Question 15

SOcial-cultural basis of aggression?

Answer 15

People in unfamiliar situations can exhibit aggressive behavior by relying on social scripts
Social scripts are defined as sequences that people play out based on a pre-existing understanding of societal expectation
Example: The socially expected reaction to someone insulting our mother is to react aggressively

Question 16

Deindividuation

Answer 16

Reduction in self-awareness when part of a larger group

Contributing factors = arousing activities, large group size, diffusion of responsibility, anonymity

Question 17

Harlow’s monkey experiment

Answer 17

> whether mother-child attachment is determined by comfort or food
Monkeys were separated from their mothers and then offered either a wire mother-food or a cloth mother- comfort
Conclusion: Monkeys preferred the cloth mother – attachment is determined by comfort

Question 18

Mary Ainsworth’s strange situation

Answer 18

This experiment tried to understand why some babies have stranger anxiety and others do not
Mother and child stayed in a room, then the mother left and returned
Conclusion: Children can form either secure or insecure attachment to the mother depending on parenting style. Sensitive parents form secure attachments

Question 19

Tangible support

Answer 19

Financial support or goods

Question 20

Altruism

Answer 20

Care for the welfare or well-being of others. However, can also be influenced by ulterior motives as described below

Question 21

Empathy-altruism hypothesis

Answer 21

Hypothesis that empathy is the underlying reason for altruism. People who are empathetic also tend to be altruistic

Question 22

Kin selection

Answer 22

People act more altruistically toward close kin

Question 23

Reciprocal altruism

Answer 23

People act more altruistically toward those who have or could reciprocate – those who have helped them, or those who they may interact again with in the future

Question 24

Cost signaling

Answer 24

Idea that acting altruistically establishes value – signals that one is reliable or cooperative

Question 25

Inclusive fitness

Answer 25

altruism among organisms who share a given percentage of genes enables those genes to be passed on to subsequent generations.