6A: Sensing the environment Flashcards
Bottom-up processing
Begin with a stimulus, then influences what we perceive: guided by sensory input
Dependent on inductive reasoning( specific observations to more generalizations)
Top-bottom processing
Begin with background knowledge that influence perception: ideas/beliefs, and expectations
Dependent on deductive reasoning ( more general to more specific)
Factors contributing to orientation and movement
_visual input
_ Vestibular input
_Somatosensation input
Visual input
Provide information about the relative position of our bodies in the context of surroundings
Vestibular input
provide info about motion/spatial orientation
Somatosension input
provide info about the location and movement of the body in space proprioceptors
Hearing adaptation
Stapedius muscle of the inner ear contracts to dampen loud noises
Visual adaptation ( Dark vs light)
Dark: pupillary dilation, rods, and cones synthesize light-sensitive molecules
Light: pupillary constriction: rods and cones desensitize to light
Binocular cues
provide depth perception: relying on both eyes. Relying on both factors:
Retinal disparity: difference each eye receives of a given object
Convergence: eyes relaxed when things are far away, eyes contract when things close to us
Monocular cues
Visual cues that rely only on one eye ( relative size, interposition, motion parallax, and linear perspective)
motion parallax: farther object move slower
Constancy
perception of an object remains constant if the retinal projection changes ( size, shape, and color)
Gestalt principles
how human holistically perceive visual stimuli
Gestalt’s law of common fate
Elements move together that are grouped together
Gestalt’s law of contextual effects
Objects can be recognized regardless of contextual effects such as lighting/orientation
Gestalt’s law of pragnanz
Reality is reduced to the simplest form possible
