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MCAT Psy/Socio > 6A: Anatomy of sensory perception > Flashcards

6A: Anatomy of sensory perception Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

CONES:

a) Detection type
b) Sensitivity ( function best in)
c) Location
d) Recovery time

A

a) Color
b) Low ( Function best in bright light)
c) Macula and Fovea
d) Fast

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2
Q

Rods:

a) Detection type
b) Sensitivity ( function best in)
c) Location
d) Recovery time

A

a) Black and white
b) High ( function even in dim light)
c) Peripheral of the retina
d) Slow

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3
Q

Rhodopsin

A

Light sensitive receptor protein contained in Rods

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4
Q

Photopsin

A

Light sensitive receptor protein contained in Cones

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5
Q

Retina

A

Binds to opsin protein, rearrange go from cis to trans retinal upon light exposure

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6
Q

Transducin

A

Protein in rods and cones

Attached to rhodopsin until exposed to light, upon which it detaches and becomes active

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7
Q 
Visual field summary: 
Central( Fovea)
a) High density 
b) Light condition 
c) Perception 
d) Light sentivity acuity
A

a) Cones
b) Bright
c) Color and detail perception
d) Low/ High acuity

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8
Q 
Visual field summary: 
Peripheral
a) High density 
b) Light condition 
c) Perception 
d) Light sentivity acuity
A

a) Rods
b) Dim
c) Motion
d) High/ Low

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9
Q

Which organ in the vestibular system detects angular acceleration

A

Semicircular canal filled with endolymph –> Rotation causes endolymph to shift within canals

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10
Q

Which organ in the vestibular system detects linear acceleration and head?

A

Otolith organs (utricle and saccule) detects- hair cell with calcium crystal

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11
Q

Causes of dizziness and vertigo

A

endolymph continues to move briefly after cessation of movement

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12
Q

Eye anatomy: Cornea

A

a transparent layer of eyes: refract incoming light

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13
Q

Eye anatomy: Iris

a) Control
b) Divide the front of the eye into
c) Contain which muscle

A

The colored part of the eye- thin circular structure that
controls the diameter of the pupil ( amount of light reaching the retina
b) Anterior and Posterior
c) Dilator and Constrictor

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14
Q

Eye anatomy: Lens

A

Assisting the cornea in refracting light to be focused on retina

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15
Q

Eye anatomy: Aqueous humour

a) Produced by which cell
b) Fill what of the eyes

A

a) Ciliary epithelium

b) anterior and posterior chambers of the eyes

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16
Q

Eye anatomy: Vitreous humour

a) Produced by which cell
b) Fill what of the eyes

A

a) ciliary body

b) Vitreous body ( the space between lens and retina)

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17
Q

Eye anatomy: Conjunctiva

A

Tissue that lines the inside of the eyelids and covers the sclera

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18
Q

Eye anatomy: Sclera

A

Opaque, fibrous, outer layer of eye that is white

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19
Q

Eye anatomy: Suspensory ligaments

A

Connects the ciliary body with the crystalline lens of the eye

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20
Q

Eye anatomy: Retina

A

The innermost tissue within the eye, sensitive to light

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21
Q

Eye anatomy: Macula

A

Oval-shaped pigmented area near the center of the retina

Responsible for central, high-resolution, color vision

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22
Q

Eye anatomy: Fovea

A

Small, central part of the macula containing only cones

Responsible for visual detail

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23
Q

Eye anatomy: Choroid

A

Vascular layer of eye between the retina and sclera

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24
Q

Eye: Phototransduction cascade

A

Light in the eyes–> Rods and Cones–> Optic nerve–> Optic Chiasm–> Optic tract–> Lateral Geniculate nucleus–> Visual cortex

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25
Q

Visual mapping in the brain

A

Due to Optic Chiasm, right visual field is received by the left side of the brain

26
Q

Trichromatic theory of color vision

A

Color vision is receptive to 3 different types of photoreceptor: Red, green, and blue

27
Q

Opponent process theory of color vision

A

Color information from cones is combined such that we perceive three opposing pairs
Black/White
Blue/ Yellow
Red/ Green

28
Q

Color is detected by?

A

CONE

29
Q

Form is detected by which pathway

A

Detection by Parvocellular pathway, which is responsible for perception of finer detail, such as form and color

30
Q

Motion is detected by which pathway

A

Detection by Magnocellular pathway, which is responsible for perception of coarses detail, such as depth and motion

31
Q

What is parallel processing?

A

Ability of the brain to simultaneously process various components (e.g. color, motion) of a visual stimulus, allowing the brain to divide stimuli into four features - color, motion, shape, and depth/distance

32
Q

Component of the outer ear?

A

Pinna (auricle), external auditory canal, tympanic membrane

33
Q

Component of the middle ear?

A

Connected to nasopharynx via Eustachian tube

Contains ossicles

34
Q

Ossicle

A

Malleus, incus, and stapes

Footplate of stapes rests in oval window of cochlea

35
Q

Component of the inner ear?

A

Contains bony labyrinth and membranous labyrinth

Responsible for sound detection and balance

36
Q

Inner ear anatomy: Bony labyrinth

A

Filled with perilymph

Comprised of three components: vestibule of the ear, semicircular canals, and the cochlea

37
Q

Membranous labyrinth

A

Contained within the bony labyrinth. Consists of the utricle and saccule, two membranous sacs, plus ducts within the cochlea and semicircular canal
Ducts are filled with endolymph

38
Q

Cochlea

A

Translates vibrations into neural impulses

Sends signals to the auditory nerve which transmits to the medial geniculate nucleus

39
Q

Organ of corti

A

Located within the cochlea and contains hair cells

40
Q

Semicircular canals

A

Main function is to regulate balance

Part of the vestibular system

41
Q

Auditory pathway (distal)

A

Outer ear (pinna, external auditory canal, tympanic membrane) → middle ear (ossicles) → inner ear (cochlea, semicircular canals, utricle/saccule → auditory nerve

42
Q

Auditory pathway (proximal)

A

Auditory nerve (part of vestibulocochlear nerve) → medial geniculate nucleus (MGN) → auditory cortex

43
Q

Superior olive

A

Function is to localize sound

Located in the brain stem

44
Q

Inferior colliculus

A

Function is startle reflex

Component of vestibulo-ocular reflex, which keeps eyes fixed on single point as head rotates

45
Q

Place theory

A

Theory that the perception of different pitches is due to various frequencies activating different portions of the cochlea basilar membrane
Hair cells at the base of the basilar membrane are activated by high frequency sounds, whereas hair cells at the apex are activates by low frequency sounds

46
Q

Basilar tuning

A

Place theory in practice, whereby hair cells in the cochlea are preferentially activated at specific frequencies, allowing the brain to distinguish between high and low frequency sounds
Hair cells at base of cochlea are activated by high frequency sounds
Hair cells at apex of cochlea are activated by low frequency sounds

47
Q

Primary auditory cortex

A

Brain region that processes auditory information

Located within the temporal lobe

48
Q

Tonotopical mapping

A

Neurons within the auditory cortex are organized according to the frequency of sound to which they respond best

49
Q

Pheromone

A

Chemical signal that triggers an innate response in members of the same species

50
Q

Anosmia

A

Inability to perceive odor

51
Q

Vibrational theory of olfaction

A

Vibrational frequency of a molecule is responsible for its specific odor profile

52
Q

Steric theory of olfaction

A

Also known as shape theory, this asserts that odorous molecules fit into receptors similar to a lock-and-key mechanism

53
Q

Olfactory epithelium

A

Specialized epithelium inside nasal cavity that contains olfactory receptor neurons

54
Q

Olfactory bulb

A

Specialized region of brain that receives sensations of smell
Input = olfactory receptor neurons of olfactory epithelium

55
Q

Olfactory bulb projections

A

Olfactory bulb projects directly to the amygdala and hippocampus
Unlike other senses, olfaction bypasses the thalamus

56
Q

Cribiform plate

A

Portion of ethmoid bone with small holes called the olfactory foramina, allowing passage of the olfactory nerves
Olfactory bulb sits atop the cribriform plate

57
Q

Taste bud

A

Contain gustatory cells

Provides for detection of all 5 tastes anywhere on the tongue

58
Q

Types of taste buds

A 
Three types of taste buds. Mnemonic: Fun in the front = fungiform, foliage on the sides = foliate, Circle around the back = circumvallate
Fungiform papillae (anterior)
Foliate papillae (side)
Circumvallate papillae (posterior)
59
Q

Filiform papillae

A

Do not contain taste buds
Located all over tongue, most densely at the center of the tongue, accounting for the lack of taste sensation in this region

60
Q

Nerve innervation

A

Anterior 2/3 of tongue sends taste signals via the VII cranial nerve
Posterior 1/3 of tongue via the IX (glossopharyngeal) and X (vagus) cranial nerves

61
Q

GPCR receptors

A

Utilized in sweet, umami, and bitter taste profiles

62
Q

Ion Channels

A

Utilized in salty and sour taste profiles

MCAT Psy/Socio (17 decks)

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