.65 Chapter 3 Sections 8-11 Flashcards
Sequence/spacing application
Establish the sequence of arriving and departing aircraft by requiring them to adjust flight or ground operation, as necessary, to achieve proper spacing.
“Cleared for the option” means…?
Touch-and-go
Stop-and-go
Low approach
Missed approach
Full stop
Consider:
Touch-and-go
Stop-and-go
Low approach
Consider an aircraft cleared for touch-and-go, stop-and-go, or low approach as an arriving aircraft until it
•touches down (for touch-and-go)
•Makes a complete stop (for stop-and-go)
•or crosses the landing threshold (for low approach)
And there after a departing aircraft
Simultaneous same direction operation
Authorize simultaneous, same direction operations on parallel runways, on parallel landing strips, or on a runway and a parallel landing strip only when following conditions are met:
1) operations are conducted in VFR conditions unless visual separation is applied
2) two-way radio communication is maintained with the aircraft involved and pertinent traffic information is issued.
3 the distance between the parallel runways or landing strips is in accordance with those specified in .65
Same direction distance minima
Aircraft category Minimum distance (feet) between parallel
Runway centerlines Edges of adjacent strips/runway and strip
Category I or II. 300 200
If either aircraft is a cat III. 500 400
If either aircraft is a heavy. 700 600
Opposite direction distance minima
Type of operation Minimum distance parallel
Runway centerlines Edges of adjacent strips/runway and strip
Between sunrise and sunset 1,400 1,400
Between sunset and sunrise 2,800 Not authorized
When do you issue official ceiling and visibility (when avaiable) to a departing VFR aircraft before take off?
When weather is below VFR conditions
When do you issue official ceiling and visibility (when avaiable) to a departing IFR aircraft before take off?
When weather is below VFR conditions or highest minima, whichever is greater
Departure INFORMATION: braking action
Issue braking action for the runway in use as received from pilots when braking action advisories are in effect.
Sequencing/spacing phraseology
• extend downwind
• make short approach
• number (landing sequence number)
• follow (description and location not traffic)
• circle the airport
• make left/right 360 or 270
• go around
Etc.
SIMULTANEOUS SAME DIRECTION DISTANCE MINIMA
Minimum distance (feet) between:
•parallel runway centerlines
•edges of adjacent strips or runway and strip
Category I or category Il
Distance between parallel runway centerlines- 300
Distance between edges of adjacent strips for runway and strip -200
SIMULTANEOUS SAME DIRECTION DISTANCE MINIMA
Minimum distance (feet) between:
•parallel runway centerlines
•edges of adjacent strips or runway and strip
If either aircraft is a category III
Distance between parallel runway centerlines- 500
Distant between edges of adjacent strips or runway and strip- 400
SIMULTANEOUS SAME DIRECTION DISTANCE MINIMA
Minimum distance (feet) between:
•parallel runway centerlines
•edges of adjacent strips or runway and strip
If either aircraft is a Heavy
Distance between parallel runway centerlines- 700
Distance between edges of adjacent strips or runway and strip- 600
What conditions must be met to authorize simultaneous opposite direction operation?
1) Operations are conducted in VFR conditions
2) Two-way radio communication is maintained with the aircraft involved and pertinent traffic information is issued
3) Distance between runways or landing strips is in accordance with the minima
What conditions must be met to authorize simultaneous same direction operation?
1) Operations are conducted in VFR conditions
2) Two-way radio communication is maintained with the aircraft involved and pertinent traffic information is issued
3) Distance between runways or landing strips is in accordance with the minima
SIMULTANEOUS OPPOSITE DIRECTION DISTANCE MINIMA
Minimum distance (feet) between:
•parallel runway centerlines
•edges of adjacent strips or runway and strip
BETWEEN SUNRISE AND SUNSET:
Distance between parallel runway centerlines- 1,400
Distance between edges of adjacent strips for runway and strip- 1,400
SIMULTANEOUS OPPOSITE DIRECTION DISTANCE MINIMA
Minimum distance (feet) between:
•parallel runway centerlines
•edges of adjacent strips or runway and strip
BETWEEN SUNSET AND SUNRISE:
Distance between parallel runway centerlines-2,800
Distance between edges of adjacent strips for runway and strip- NOT authorized
LUAW
Line up and wait
Intent is to position aircraft for an imminent departure
NOTE- an imminent departure is one that will not be delayed beyond the time that is required to ensure a safe operation. An aircraft should not be in LUAW status for more than 90 seconds without additional instructions.
Phraseology - ** runway (number), line up and wait.**
May you issue a landing clearance to an aircraft requesting a full-stop, touch-and-go, stop-and-go, option, or unrestricted low approach on the same runway with un aircraft that is holding in position or taxiing to line up and wait?
No. Not until after the aircraft in holding position starts takeoff roll.
** phraseology**
( to aircraft requesting the option)
RUNWAY (number), CONTINUE, TRAFFIC HOLDING IN POSITION.
RUNWAY (number), (pattern instructions as appropriate), TRAFFIC HOLDING IN POSITION.
Can you authorize an aircraft to LUAW if an aircraft has been cleared to land, touch-and-go, stop-and-go, option, or unrestricted low approach to the same runway?
No.
What must you inform an aircraft who is authorized to LUAW 68?
Of the closest traffic within 6-flying miles requesting a full-stop, touch-and-go, stop-and-go, option, or unrestricted low approach to the same runway.
Can you authorize an aircraft to LUAW when the departure point is not visible from the tower?
No. Unless the aircraft’s position can be verified by ASDE (airport surface detection equipment), or the runway is used for departures only.
Under what conditions may an aircraft be authorized to line up and wait at an intersection between sunset and sunrise?
1) procedure must be approved by the appropriate Service Area Director of Air Traffic Operations
2) procedure must be contained Ina facility directive
3) The runway must be used as a departure-only runway
4) only one aircraft at a time is permitted to LUAW on the same runway
5) document on FAA Form 7230-4, daily record of facility operation
When may you NOT authorize an aircraft to LUAW at an intersection
1) when the intersection is not visible from the tower
2) for simultaneous LUAW on the same runway, between sunrise and sunset, unless local assist/ local monitor position is staffed
What must happen for aircraft authorized to LUAW on runways that intersect?
Traffic must be exchanged between that aircraft and the aircraft that is authorized to depart or arrive to the intersecting runway and vise-versa
Anticipating separation
Takeoff clearance need not be withheld until prescribed separation exists if there is a reasonable assurance it will exist when the aircraft starts takeoff roll
SAME RUNWAY SEPARATION
Separate a departing aircraft from a preceding departing or arriving aircraft using the same runway by ensuring that it does not begin take off roll until:
• the other aircraft has departed and crossed the runway end or turned to avert any conflict.
•If you can determine distances by reference to suitable landmarks, the other aircraft needs only be airborne if the following minimum distance exists between aircraft:
1) when only category I aircraft are involved- 3,000 feet
2) when a category I aircraft is preceded by a category II aircraft - 3,000 feet
3) when either the succeeding or both are category II aircraft- 4,500 feet
4) when either is a category III aircraft- 6,000 feet
5) when the succeeding aircraft is a helicopter, visual separation may be applied in lieu of using distance minima
6) A preceding landing aircraft is clear of the runway
CATEGORY I
Small single
Engine propeller driven aircraft
Weighing 12,500 lbs. or less
•All helicopters
CATEGORY II
Small twin
Engine propeller driven aircraft
Weighing 12,500lbs. or less
CATEGORY III
All other aircraft
Do not issue clearances to a small aircraft to line up and wait on the same runway behind a departing super or heavy aircraft to apply the necessary intervals
Wake turbulence application
May a pilot request additional separation?
Yes, but should make this request before taxiing on the runway
Wake turbulence application
When should takeoff clearance be issued to the following aircraft?
Should NOT be issued until the time interval has passed after the preceding aircraft begins takeoff roll.
Wake turbulence application
Separate aircraft taking off from the same runway or a parallel runway (separated by less than 2,500 ft.) by -
1) heavy, large, or small behind a super - 3 minutes
2) heavy, large, or small behind a heavy - 2 minutes
What does a departure behind a departure need?
Wake turbulence separation
Separate a small behind a B757 by 2 minutes when departing:
1) the same runway or parallel runway separated by less than 700 feet.
2) A parallel runway separated by 700 of it or more if projected flight paths will cross.
Separate aircraft departing from a parallel runway separated by 2,500 feet or more if projected flight paths will cross
1) heavy, large, or small behind a super - 3 minutes
2) heavy, large, or small behind a heavy - 2 minutes
Separate aircraft when operating on a runway with a displaced landing threshold if projected flight paths will cross when either a departure follows an arrival or an arrival follows a departure by:
1) heavy, large, or small behind a super - 3 minutes
2) heavy, large, or small behind heavy - 2 minutes
3) small behind a B757 - 2 minutes
Separate aircraft behind another aircraft that has departed or made a low/missed approach when utilizing opposite direction takeoffs or landings on the same or parallel runways separated by less than 2,500 feet by:
1) Heavy, large, or small behind a super - 4 minutes
2) heavy, large, or small behind a heavy - 2 minutes
3) small behind B757 - 2 minutes
Separate an aircraft behind another aircraft that has departed or made a low/missed approach when utilizing opposite direction take offs or landings on the same or parallel runways separated by less then 2,500 feet by:
1) heavy, large, or small behind a super - 4 minutes
2) heavy, large, or small behind a heavy - 3 minutes
Separate a small aircraft behind a B757 that has departed or made a low/missed approach by 3 minutes when utilizing opposite direction takeoffs or landings from:
1) the same runway or parallel runway separated by less than 700 feet
2) a parallel runway separated by 700 feet or more if projected flight paths will cross
Inform aircraft when it is necessary to hold in order to provide required time interval -
Phraseology -
“HOLD FOR WAKE TURBULENCE”
When may a plot request to deviate from the wake turbulence time interval?
When a small behind a large (not including B757) that has departed or made a low/missed approach when utilizing opposite direction takeoffs on the same runway- separate by 3 minutes, unless, pilot has initiated a request to deviate from time interval.
In this case, issue a wake turbulence cautionary advisory before clearing the aircraft for take off.
Controllers must not initiate or suggest a waiver of the time interval.
Note- a request for take off does not initiate a waiver request.
What are aircraft conducting touch-and-go and stop-and-go operations considered?
Departing from an intersection
When and how do you cancel a takeoff clearance?
Cancel a previously issued clearance for take off and inform the pilot of the reason if circumstances require.
Once an aircraft has started takeoff roll, cancel the takeoff clearance ONLY for the purpose of safety.
Phraseology -
“CANCEL TAKEOFF CLEARANCE, (reason).”
Same runway separation
Separate an arriving aircraft from another aircraft using the same runway by ensuring the arriving aircraft does not cross the landing threshold until one of the following conditions exists
1) The other aircraft has landed and is clear of the runway.
Between sunrise and sunset: if you can determine distances by reference to suitable landmarks and the other aircraft has landed, it need not be clear of the runway if following minimum distance from landing threshold exist:
a) when a category I aircraft is landing behind a category I or II - 3000 feet.
b) when category II aircraft is landing behind a category I or II - 4,500 feet.
2) the other aircraft has departed and crossed the runway end.
If you can determine distances by reference to suitable landmarks and the other aircraft is airborne, it need not have crossed the runway end if the following minimum distance from landing threshold exists:
a) category I aircraft landing behind category I or II - 3000 feet.
b) category II aircraft landing behind category I or II- 4,500 feet.
c) when either is a category III aircraft - 6,000 feet.
3) when the succeeding aircraft is a helicopter, visual separation may be applied in lieu of using distance minima.
What does a clearance to land mean?
A clearance to land means that appropriate separation on the landing runway will be ensured.
A landing clearance does not relieve the pilot from compliance with any previously issued restriction.
Landing clearance without visual observation
When an arriving aircraft reports at a position where hel she should be seen but has not been visually observed, advise the aircraft as a part of the landing clearance that it is not in sight and restate the landing runway.
Phraseology -
”NOT IN SIGHT, RUNWAY (number), CLEARED TO LAND”
note- aircraft observance on the CTRD satisfies the visually observed requirement
Withholding landing clearance
Do not withold a landing clearance indefinitely even if it appears a violation has occurred.
The apparent violation might be the result of an emergency situation.
In any event, assist the pilot to the extent possible.
Taxi instructions must be provided to the aircraft by the local controller when:
1) compliance w/ ATC instructions will be required before the aircraft can change to ground control or,
2) the aircraft will be required to enter an active runway in order to taxi clear of the landing runway.
Helicopter simultaneous landings or takeoffs
Authorize helicopters to conduct simultaneous landings or takeoffs if the distance between the landing or takeoff points is at least 200 feet and the courses to be flown do not conflict.
Note - refer to surface marking to determine 200 foot minimum or instruct pilot to remain at least 200 feet from another helicopter
Altitude restricted Low approach
A low approach with an altitude restriction of not less than 500 feet above the airport may be authorized except over an aircraft in take off position or a departure aircraft.
Do not clear aircraft for restricted low approaches over personnel unless airport
Authorities have advised these personnel that the approaches will be conducted.
Advise the approaching aircraft of the location of applicable ground traffic, personnel, or equipment.
Phraseology: CLEARED LOW APPROACH AT OR ABOVE (altitude). ** TRAFFIC** (description, location).
