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Biology > 6.3.1 > Flashcards

6.3.1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is an ecosystem?

A

all living organisms and non-living components and their interactions

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2
Q

What is a population?

A

the number of individuals of the same species, living in the same place at the same time

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3
Q

What is community?

A

all the organisms, all of the different species living in a habitat`

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4
Q

What is a habitat?

A

the place the organism lives in

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5
Q

What are biotic factors?

A

factors that involve other living organisms

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6
Q

What are some examples of biotic factors?

A

feeding of herbivores on plants
predation
parasitism
mutualism
competition

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7
Q

What is a niche?

A

The role of an organism in the ecosystem?

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8
Q

What are abiotic factors?

A

involve the non-living components of the environment

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9
Q

What are some examples of abiotic factors?

A

temperature
light intensity
oxygen concentration
Carbon dioxide concentration
Water supply
pH
availability of inorganic ions
edaphic features
atmospheric humidity
wind speed

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10
Q

end of a

A

start of b

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11
Q

What factors could influence the net primary production

A

high temperature
and increase in sunlight
the more photosynthesis occurs
more storage of biomass

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12
Q

What are trophic levels?

A

stage in a food chain

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13
Q

What is the primary consumer?

A

eats/feeds on producer

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14
Q

What is the secondary consumer?

A

eats/feeds on primary consumer

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15
Q

What is the producer?

A

converts light energy into chemical energy by photosynthesis

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16
Q

How is energy content of the dry mass obtained?

A
  • using a bomb calorimeter
  • burn the sample in a high pressure of oxygen
  • the rise in the temperature of the water is measured
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17
Q

Why is the biomass in each trophic level nearly always less than the trophic level below?

A

not all biomass is eaten
some is transferred to the environment as heat

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18
Q

What is biomass?

A

mass of living material in a particular food chain/web

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19
Q

What is ecological efficiency?

A

efficiency with which biomass or energy is transferred from 1 trophic level to the next

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20
Q

What is the units for net primary production?

A

Kjm-2yr-1

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21
Q

Why do producers only convert 1-3% of the sunlight they receive into chemical energy?

A

not all light hits the chlorophyll
not all light hitting the leaves is absorbed,
it can be reflected, transmitted through the leaf
or the wrong wavelength

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22
Q

What is productivity?

A

rate at which the plant converts light energy into chemical potential energy

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23
Q

What is gross primary productivity?

A

total quantity of energy converted by a plant in photosynthesis

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24
Q

What happens to the 90% of biomass lost?

A

not all biomass is eaten (bones,roots)
some is lost to the environment as heat through respiration
some is excreted in urine and feaces
some biomass is of previous trophic level and not digestible

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25
end of b
start of c
26
What is a decomposer?
organism that feeds on or breaks down dead plant / animal matter it turns organic compounds into inorganic compounds
27
What is a rhizobium an example of?
nitrogen fixing bacteria
28
Where is Rhizobium found?
root nodules or leguminous plants like peas
29
What bacteria converts nitrites into nitrates?
nitrobacter
30
What is nitrobacter?
Nitrifying bacteria that changes nitrites into nitrates
31
What is the function of nitrosomonas?
changes ammonia into nitrites
32
What bacteria converts ammonia into nitrites?
nitrosomonas
33
What is the function of Azotobacteria?
bacteria that converts nitrogen gas into ammonia
34
Where is Azotobacteria found?
free living in the soil
35
What are sapropionts?
fungi / bacteria that make ammonia from animal protein secrete enzymes onto food which hydrolyses polymers and allows monomers to be absorbed
36
What do plants do with the nitrates that they take up from the soil?
make protein
37
What do plants use protein to do?
grow
38
What fixes nitrogen gas into nitrate compounds?
bacteria root nodules lightning
39
What does bacteria, root nodules and lightning do to nitrogen gas?
fix it into nitrate compounds
40
What do decomposers do?
convert protein and urea into ammonia
41
What is ammonification?
production of ammonia from organic compounds
42
What do rhizobium and azotobacter do?
convert nitrogen and oxygen into ammonia
43
How does lightning fix nitrogen gas?
energy release during lightning storms causes unreacted nitrogen in the air to form reactive N compounds that are added to the soil when it rains
44
What happens when azotobacter die?
release amino acids
45
What enzyme does rhizobacter and azotobacter both contain?
nitrogenase enzyme
46
What does the nitrogenase enzyme do?
converts nitrogen and oxygen into ammonia
47
What happens during nitrification?
ammonia is converted into nitrites nitrites are converted into nitrates
48
What is nitrosomas bacteria?
bacteria that get energy from reactions involving inorganic ions
49
What type of reaction is a nitrification reaction?
oxidation reaction releases energy
50
What do saprobiotic micro-organisms do?
feed on these N and O to release ammonia in the soil
51
What does denitrifying bacteria do?
converts nitrates into nitrogen gas
52
What happens to nitrogen gas?
released into atmosphere
53
What type of bacteria is used in denitrification?
anaerobic bacteria as there is a shortage of oxygen
54
Why does soil need to be well-aerated?
to avoid nitrogen gas going into the atmosphere
55
What do farmers use to add nitrates into the soi?
nitrates and fertiliser
56
57
What is sucsession?
Process by which ecosystems change over time
58
What does sucsession occur due to?
changes in the environment causing plant and animal species present to change
59
What is primary sucsession?
occurs on land newly-formed / exposed no soil present
60
What is secondary sucsession?
occurs where soil is present but no animal/plant species
61
What is each stage in succession called?
a seral stage
62
How can key species be identified?
the change the abiotic factors make to become more suitable for existence of next species
63
What is a pioneer community?
arrive before climax community subject to greater change less stable low biomass
64
Why are pioneer species important?
fix nitrogen photosynthesis tolerate extreme conditions weather the rocks to create a layer of humus
65
What is an intermediate community?
when pioneer species die they add to the soil which can now support grasses and small flowering plants these outcompete pioneer speciesW
66
What happens when pioneer species die?
add to the soil that can support grasses and flowering plants which outcompete pioneer species
67
What is a climax community?
when intermediate species die they add to the soil which can now support larger shrubs and trees these outcompete grasses and flowering plants for light, space and nutrients
68
What happens when an intermediate species dies?
they add to the soil which can now support larger shrubs and trees these outcompete flowering plants
69
What 2 groups complete when the intermediate species dies?
larger shrubs and trees grasses and flowering plants
70
What 2 groups compete with each over when the pioneer species dies?
pioneer species small flowering plants and grasses
71
What are examples of pioneer species?
moss lichen
72
What are the conditions like at the beginning of primary sucsession?
hostile
73
What is the Simpson's index like at the beginning of primary sucsession?
low
74
What are conditions like at the end of primary sucsession?
less hostile
75
What is simpsons index like at the end of primary sucsession?
high
76
What is deflected sucsession?
where human activity can halt natural flow of sucsession prevents it form reaching climax community
77
What is it called when sucsession is artificially stopped?
plagioclimax
78

Biology (26 decks)

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