6.2.1 Flashcards
What are natural clones?
produced through asexual reproduction by mitosis
identical copies produced
How are natural clones produced?
asexually by mitosis
How do we produce clones from cutting?
Use a healthy shoot / cut a healthy shoot from a plant
Cut stem at a slant
between nodes
dip in rooting powder / plant hormones / auxin
place in soil / compost and add water
cover with plastic bag / remove some leaves
When producing clones from cuttings, what should we do with our cut, healthy shoot?
dip in rooting powder
When producing clones from cuttings, how should we cut the shoot?
use a healthy shoot
cut at a slant
between nodes
When producing clones from cuttings, what should happen after dipping the shoot in rooting powder?
place in soil / compost and add water
When producing clones from cuttings, what should you do after placing the shoot into soil and adding water to reduce transpiration?
cover with plastic bag / remove some leaves
What is grafting?
joining the shoot of 1 plant to the growing stem and root of another plant
Why should you cut the shoot at an angle when grafting?
inc SA for adhesion
What are the advantages of cloning?
can clone seedless fruit
clones have a desired ___(genetic makeup)
quick growth compared to seeds
cheap
What is a disadvantage of cloning?
Low genetic diversity / monoculture
How is low genetic diversity a limitation of cloning?
less likely to be able to adapt to selection pressures
What is micropropogation?
using tissue culture
What is the method for micropropogation?
Aseptic conditions
Cut the plant material into explants
sterilise the explant with alcohol / bleach
Place the explant on agar
containing glucose and amino acids
a callus will form
high auxins and cytokines
sub-divide the callus
treat to induce the roots
change plant hormone ratio
transfer to a green house
What conditions are used in micropropogation / tissue culture?
aseptic
What is the plant material cut into in tissue culture?
explants
What is an example of an explant ?
leaf
root
bud
What do you use to sterilise the plant?
bleach
alcohol
What should you place the explant on?
agar
What should the agar contain?
glucose and amino acids
What will form once the explant is placed onto agar?
a callus
What process causes the callus to form from an explant?
cell division
mitosis
How can you change the way a callus develops?
change the plant to hormone ratio
What gets sub-divided?
THE CALLUS
What do you do once a plantlet forms?
transfer to a greenhouse
What is a strength for artificial plant cloning?
desirable genetic characterisitcs are always passed on to clones
it produces lots of plants quickly compared to the time it would take to grow them from seeds
used to reproduce seedless fruits /plants
What are arguments against artificial plant cloning?
low genetic diversity
low gene pool
disease will easily wipe them out
