4.2.2 Flashcards
What is a species?
2 individuals that breed together to produce fertile offspring
What are the taxons in a natural classification in order?
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
How should the genus and species look when written down?
Genus - capital letter
Species - italics or both underlined, lowercase
What is heterotrophic?
an organism obtaining nourishment by digesting plant matter or animal matter
What is autotrophic?
they are capable of making nutrients from inorganic matter
What is an example of autotrophic?
photosynthesis
What is saptrotrophic?
obtaining nourishment by absorbing dead or decaying organic material
What is unicellular?
single-celled organism
What is multicelluar?
several cells make up this organsim
Are organelles membrane-bound in bacteria prokaryotes?
no
Is there a cell wall in prokaryotes? (bact.)
yes
What is the cell wall in prokaryotes made from?(bact.)
peptidoglycan
How does a prokaryote obtain nourishment? (bact.)
heterotrophic
autotrophic
saptotrophic
What type of cellular is a bacteria prokaryote?
unicellular
dO protoctista HAVE membrane-bound organelles?
yes
Is there a cell wall in a protoctista?
sometimes
How does a protoctista obtain nourishment?
heterotrophic
autotrophic
Are protoctista unicelluklar or multicellular?
both
Do fungi have membrane -bound organeels?
yes
What are the cell walls in fungi made from?
chitin
How do fungi absorb nourishment?
heterotrophic
saptotrophic
How do fungi reproduce?
releasing spores from hyphae
Do plantae have membrane-bound organelles?
yes
What is the cell wall in plantae made from?
cellulose
Does plantae have a cell wall?
yes
How does plantae gain nourishment?
autotrophy
What type of cellular is plantae?
multicellular
What type of cellular is animalia?
multicellular
Does animalia have membrane-bound organelles?
yes
Is there a cell wall in animalia?
no
How do animalia gain nourishment?
heterotrophic
What can we use to classify organisms?
Physical features
DNA
biochemistry of proteins
What is the relationship between amino acids and organisms being related?
more similar
more closely related
What is the relationship between bases and organisms being related?
more similar
more closely related
What criteria would a taxonomist take into account when classifying a new species?
observable physical features
biochemistry
genes / DNA
behaviour
shared evolutionary pathway
What does prokaryotae split into?
Bacteria and Archaea
What cell type is bacteria?
prokaryotic
What cell type is Archaea ?
Prokaryotic
What cell type is Eukaroyte?
Eukaroytic
What makes up the cell wall in bacteria?
peptidoglycan
What is the difference between cell walls in bacteria and archaea?
Bacteria made of peptidoglycan and archaea is not made of peptidoglycan
What is eukaroytic made from?
polysaccharides
Put nbacteria, archaea and eukaroyotes in order of RNA polymerase complexity?
Archaea
Eukaryotes
Bacteria
What is the difference in the first amino acid formed in Archaea and bacteria and eukaryotes?
What is the diffference between DNA in archaea, bact. and euk.?
Bact = mostly circular chromosomes and plasmids
Archaea = circular chromosomes and plasmid
Euk = linear chromosome, rarely plasmid
What is the difference between histones in bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes?
bact = no histones
Archaea = yes
Euk = yes
What is the difference between organelles in bacteria ad archaea and eukaryotes?
only eukaroytes have organelles
What is the difference between ribosomes sizes in bacteria, archaea and eukaroytes>
70S - bact
70S - archaea
80S - eukaryotes
Why is life classified into 3 systems now?
difference in
rRNA ribosomes
RNA polymerase
protein synthesis
Why is 3 domains better than 5 kingdoms?
3 domains fits phylogeny better
many fundamental differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes
eukaryotes all have a nucleus / membrane-bound organelles
many fundamental differences between bacteria and archaea
bacteria and archaea have different RNA polymerase
Outline the features of classification compared with 5 kingdoms?
based on DNA
domain divides
domain reflects differences between eubactera and archaea
domains reflect the fact there are similarities between eukaryotic organisms
What is classification?
Placing living things / organisms into groups / categories
based upon similarities / differences
What is phylogeny?
closeness of evolutionary relationships
What is taxonomy?
study of classification, looking at organisms similarities and differences
What is the relationship between modern classification and phylogeny?
modern classification
reflects
phylogeny
What did Darwin notice?
Offspring looked like their parents
No 2 individuals are identical
Organisms have the ability to produce large number of offspring
Pop in nature tend to remain fairly stable
What did Darwin think would keep the population in check?
competition for food and resources
What did Darwin say about offspring and adaptations?
offspring that are better adapted to survive will long enough to reproduce
can pass those characteristics onto the next gen
less well adapted animals will likely die before they reproduce
What will happen to less well-adapted animals?
will likely die before reproductionq
What happen due to natural selection over many generations?
Many generations mary arise that are beneficial and may help org survive
could give rise to another species
What happened with Darwin’s finches?
The birds became so specialised to feed on certain types of diets
They have become so different so they cannot breed together
So they are classed as different species
Why are Darwin’s finches classed as different species?
they cannot breed together to produce fertile offspring
What can we learn about fossils?
fossils found in sediments further underground are older than those found above it
Fossils show that organisms change over time
How developed will animals be in older rock?
simpler
What can we do with fossils?
identify relationships / links
many fossil organisms have died off
compare DNA in fossils
show intermediate forms
What is cytochrome - C?
a protein used in respiration
What is a protein made from?
amino acids
What happens to sequences higher in the rock?
more time for change
added subunits
What is in common with the wing of a bat, leg of a cheetah, same basic structure?
evolved from same common ancestor
What is intraspecific variation?
variation within a species
What is interspecific?
variation between species
What are features of continuous data?
no distinct categories
determined by several genes
effected by the environment
intermediate values
What are features of discontinuous data?
Distinct categories
determined by 1 or few genes
uneffected by environment
no intermediate values
What is an anatomical adaptation?
structure that enhances survival such as flageela on bacteria
What is a physiological adaptation?
correctly functioning cell processes
What is a behaviourial adaptation?
changes in behaviour to help it survive
What are analogous structures?
features of 2 different species that are similar in function
but structure of 2 features is different
What is divergent evolution?
where species have the same common ancestor and therefore share similar characteristics
What is convergent evolution?
organisms not closely related but have similar structures
Why have the moles evolved to be similar?
one evolved to have a pouch in a hostile env, they can pause preg
other mole cannot pause pregnancy
What is the theory of natural selection?
Genetic variation
due to mutation
mutation is random
due to sexual selection
large numbers of offspring
____acts as a selection pressure
those that have the mutation ar emore likely to survive
pass on allele / mutation
over time inc in allele freq,
What are examples of selection pressures?
Availability of food
predator
disease
physical or chemical factors
