4.2.1 Flashcards
What is a species?
being able to breed to produce fertile offspring
What is a habitat?
an area where individuals live
What is biodiversity?
variety of life
variety of ecosystems
genetic diversity / variety of genes
number of species
What is habitat biodiversity?>
range of habitats in which different species live in
What is species richness?
number of different species in a give area
What is species evenness?
proportion of community that is made up of an individual species
What has the greater biodiversity? a meadow or a field of wheat
meadow
as meadow has higher species evenness
What does a high simpsons index indicate?
high biodiversity
high species richness
ecosystem is stable
likely to withstand a change
What does a low simpson’s index indicate?
dominated by 1 species
change in 1 species likely to affect whole habitat
ecosystem is unstable, unlikely to withstand a change
Why is randomising important?
avoid bias
How do you get coordinates for the quadrat?
generate random numbers from a computer to plot coordinates
What is a regular distance to take samples at?
every 5m
What should be representive of the area?
the number of samples
Why should you do the quadrats many times?
calc mean
What should you avoid doing to the same plant?
Avoid recounting
When should you sample?
different times of year / month / day / weather conditions
What is a quardrat used for?
calc % cover of number of individuals of each species
How do you use a belt transect?
use quadrat
every __ metres
count the n of organisms of each species
using an identification key
avoid recounting
calc mean
repeat @ diff times of yearW
What are belt transects and line transects useful for?
cliffs
rocky shores
other similar habitats
How do you use a line transect?
count the organisms touching the line
not as detailed or accurate representation of the total pop
How do you sample a field?
use 2 tape measures to make a grid
generate random coordinates
use a quadrat at those coordinates count number of individuals of each species
use identification key
use method to avoid recounting
sample at diff times of year
What is stratified sampling?
use belt transect
use quadrat in each strata and repeat so it represents the area
every __ metres
count number of organisms of each species
use an identification key
use method to avoid recounting
calc mean
repeat at diff times of year
What should you use to sample smaller animals?
sweep net
collecting from trees
pitfall trap
tullgren funnel
light trap
What is the equation for the proportion f polymorphic gene loci?
number of polymorphic gene loci
/
total number of loci
What is the realtionship between polymorphic gene loci and genetic biodiversity?
greater the number of polymorphic gene loci
greater genetic biodiversity
What is human’s impact on env?
human pop inc
using resources like crops
loss if diversity
extintion
hunting
killing for protetion
killing to prevent competition
introducing new animals
What is the effect of global warming?
melting ice caps
raising temp of sea
habitats destoryed and melting
Why is monoculture bad?
decreases habitat and species and genetic biodiversity
What is a monoculture?
1 crop grown on many fields
What does monoculture remove?
hedges
What happens to the soil as a result of monoculture?
takes nutrients away from soil
What ar the economic reasons for maintaining biodiversity?
ecotourism
Source of med
purpose of scientific research
soil depletion
What are the ecological reasons for maintaining biodiversity?
part of a food web/chain (keystone species)
part of a habitat
What is a keystone species?
plant / animal
that plays a crucial, unique role
in the way an ecosystem functions
What would happenw ithout a keystone species?
ecosystem would dramaticall be different or cease to exist
What are aesthetic / social reasons to maintain biodiversity?
enjoyed by future generations
beautiful to look at
What is in-situ?
protecting animals and plants in their natural habitat
What is an example of in-situ?
ntional parks
hunting bans
What is an example of ex-situ?
protecting animals and plants away from their natural habitat
What is an example of ex-situ?
seed bank
Why is it better to store seeds than adult plants?
seeds are produced in excess
can be collected without damage to plant
cheaper to transport
viable for long periods
less susceptible to disease
store greater diversity
What are adv of in-situ?
more likely to survive in the wild
can protect thw whole pop
less disruption to animals
What are disadv of in-situ?
hard to enforce bans on hunters
can’t protect from predation and intraspecific competition
no protection from climate change
What are adv of ex-situ?
feed animals well
treated for disease
young can be hand-reared
reduced mortality of young
mating - aritifical selection
protection from hunters / poachers
reduced intrapsecific competition
What are disadv of ex-situ?
can be expensive to set up
ethical reasons - caging animals
can only care for small numbers
less sucsessful at reintroduction
breeding in captivity can be less sucsessful
What did CITES do?
Regulate and monitor trade in selected species
ensure trade in animals does not threaten wild pop
prohibit commercial trade of wild plants
allow artifically propagated plants to be sold
less endagered animals can be traded
What does CITES stand for?
convention on International trade in endangered species
What does the CBD do?
sustainable use of organisms / habitats and ecosystems
share genetic resources
share scientific knowledge
promote ex-situ conservation
raise profile of biodiversity with governments
international cooperation on diversity issues
What is the CSS?
sustainabale beauty of country side
maintain footpaths and remove litter / prvde bins
improve habitats for animals
preserve archaelogical and historic sites
What does CSS stand for?
countryside stewardship scheme
What does the CBS stand for?
rIO CONVENTION ON bIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY
