5.2.2 Flashcards
What happens when you add water to ATP?
ADP and Pi and energy form
How many phosphate groups in ADP and ATP?
3 phosphate groups in ATP
2 phosphate groups in ADP
What is the reaction called where ATP is converted into ADP?
HYDROLYSIS
wHAT IS THE REACTION THAT CONVERTS ADP INTO ATP?
CONDENSATION
What is the name of the sugars in ATP and ADP?
RIBOSE
What is the name of the base in ATP and ADP?
adenine
Why do cells ned a supply of ATP molecules?
to act as an immediate energy source
What processes require ATP?
active transport
maintaining resting potentials in neurones
muscle contraction
cell division and growth
and most metabolic reactions
Why is respiration needed in mammals?
to generate heat
supply ATP for muscle contraction for movement
Why is respiration needed in plants?
to generate ATP for movement of sucrose in mass flow
What is ATP used for in bacteria?
ATP needed for mitosis
What does ATP synthase do?
involved in making ATP
What is the process called that makes ATP using ATP synthase?
chemiosmosis
Where is the ATP synthase found?
embedded in cristea
What is the matrix?
fluid-filled substance embedded in mitochondria
What is the role of the matrix?
contains enzymes for the Kreb’s cycle
What is the role of the intermembrane space?
important in oxidative phosphorylation
What is the cristea?
folding of the inner membrane
What is the role of the cristea?
inc the SA for attachment of enzymes
What is the role of the ribosomes?
protein synthesis
What is the role of granules?
partciles containing phospholipids, proteins and Ca
What is the role of DNA?
codes for proteins
What is the role of the outer membrane?
separates mitochondrion from the cytoplasm of the cell
(compartmentalisation)
controls the entry and exit of substances into and out of the mitochondria
What are some examples of substances that the outer membrane controls the entry and exit of?
Pyruvate
Oxygen
ATP
CO2
What is the inner membrane?
folded into cristea
What is the role of the inner membrane?
contains the electron transport chain
ATP synthase
c
Where does glycolysis occur?
cytoplasm
What happens during glycolysis?
1 6 carbon molecule is split into
2 3 Carbon molecules of pyruvate
What happens to the pyruvate at the end of glyolysis?
actively transported into mitochondria for next stage (LR)
What is phosphorylation?
addition of Po43- to a molecule
What is substrate level phosphorylation?
formation of ATP without ETC
transfer of phosphate group from phosphorylated intermdiate
What is lysis?
splitting / breaking down of a molecule
What is dehydrogenation?
removal of hydrogen from a molecule (oxidation)
How does glucose convert into hexose bisphosphate?
using 2 molecules of ATP glucose is phosphorylated
How does hexose biphosphate become 2 lots of triose phosphate?
hydrolysis
How does the 2 lots of Triose phopshate become 2 lots of biphosphate?
phosphorylation
How does the 2 lots of triose biphosphate convert into pyruvate?
NAD is reduced by dehydrogenation
ATP is formed by substrate level phosphorylation
What is the net prod of ATP in glycolysis per 1 moleclule of glucose ?
2
4 molecules of ATP and 2 are used
4-2 = 2
What is the net prod of NADH2 per 1 molecule of glucose?
2
What is the net prod of pyruvate per 1 molecule of glucose?
2
Outline the process of glycolysis?
1) 6C glucose is phosphorylated using 2 ATP molecules into hexose biphosphate
2) 6C Hexose biphosphate is converted into 2 lots of Triose phosphate 3C by hydrolysis
3) 2X Triose phosphate 3C phosphorylated into 2X triose biphosphate 3C using Pi from cytoplasm NOT ATP
4) 2X Triose biphosphate converted into 2X pyruvate by reducing NAD by dehydrogenation, forming ATP by substrate level phosphorylation
Where are the inorganic phosphates found in phosphorylation of triose phosphate into triose biphosphate?
cytoplasm
d
How many times does the link reaction occur per 1 molecule of glucose?
2
Where does the link reaction take place?
matrix
What stage was the pyruvate formed in?
glycolysis
What reaction starts when the pyruvate enters the mitochondria?
the link reaction
What does the pyruvate do when it enters the matrix?
pyruvate decarboxylated to produce CO2
What happens after pyruvate is decarboxylated?
dehydrogenated
NAD is reduced into reduced NAD
How is NAD reduced in the link reaction?
accepts hdyrogen from pyruvate
What forms after pyruvate i decarboxylated and dehydrogenated?
acetate
What does acetate do to form acetyl coenzyme A?
combine with coenzyme A
Outline the link reaction?
1) Pyruvate 3C is decarboxylated to produce CO2
2) Pyruvate is dehydrogenated and NAD is reduced into reduced NAD
3) acetate 2C combines with Coenzyme A to produce Acetyl coenzyme A
What are the products of the link reaction per 1 glucose molecule?
2 CO2
2 red NAD
2 Acetyl Coenzyme A
How much CO2 is produced per 1 molecule of glucose?
2
How much reduced NAD is produced per 1 molecule of glucose?
2
How much acetyl coenzyme A is produced per 1 molecule of glucose?
2
e
Where does the Kreb’s cycle take place?
matrix
How many times does the Krebs cycle occur per 1 glucose molecule?
twice
What does the acetyl coenzyme A bring to the Krebs cycle?
acetate
What does acetate do in Kreb’s cycle?
binds to oxaloacetate
forming citrate 6C
coenzyme A goes back to link reactionhy
Why does coenzyme A go back to the link reaction?
to bring more acetate to Kreb’s cycle
What happens to citrate in the Kreb’s cycle?
citrate decarboxylated so 1 carbon removed so CO2 formed
What happens to citrate after being decarboxylated?
dehydrogenated as NAD is reduced into NADH2
What forms when citrate is decarboxylated and dehydrogenated?
5C compound
What happens to the 5C compound in Kreb’s cycle?
decarboxylated and CO2 forms
What happens after the 5C compound is decarboxylated?
5C compound is dehydrogenated
NAD reduced into reduced NAD
What happens after 5C compound is dehydrogenated?
5C compound is phosphorylated and ATP forms by substrate level phosphorylation
What happens to the 5C compound after phosphorylation?
coenzyme FAD is reduced into reduced FAD
dehydrogenation
What happens to the 5C compound after dehydrogenation with FAD?
dehydrogenation with NAD into reduced NAD
What forms after the final dehydrogenation with NAD into reduced NAD in the Kreb’s cycle?
oxaloacetate forms
Outline the Kreb’s cycle?
1) Acetyl coenzyme A brings acetate and the coenzyme A leaves for L.R
2) citrate forms and reacts with oxaloacetate forming acetate
3) acetate forms and is decarboxylated forming CO2 and then dehydrogenation occurs where NAD is reduced into reduced NAD
4) 5C compound forms and this is decarboxylated and CO2 forms
5) 5C is dehydrogenated as NAD is reduced forming rediced NAD.
6) 5C compound is phosphorylated
7) 5C compound undergoes futher dehydrogenation as FAD another coenzyme is reduced
8) 5C compound undergoes more dehydrogenation where NAD is reduced
9) Oxaloacetate forms
What are the products per 1 molecule of glucose in the Kreb’s cycle?
4CO2
6 red NAD
2 red FAD
2 ATP
How many CO2 are produced form the Kreb’s cycle?
4
How many reduced NAD formed from Krebs cycle?
6
How many reduced FAD are formed from the Kreb’s cycle?
2
How many ATP are formed from Kreb’s cycle?
2
f
What does NAD do?
accept hydrogen atoms to become reduced
What is NAD used in?
aerobic and anarobic pathways
What are acetate groups made from?
fatty acids and amino acids
What does FAD do?
accpets 2 hydrogen atoms to become reduced
Where is FAD used?
areobic respiration
g
In oxidative phosphorylation, what is in the matrix at the beginning?
red NAD and red FAD
What do red NAD and red FAD dissociate into?
hydrogen ions and electrons
What do the dissociated electrons do?
move down electron carriers and releases energy
What is the energy that is released from electrons moving down electron carriers used for ?
actively transporting hydrogen ions into the intermembrane space
What does the active transport of hydrogen ions into the IMS?
establishes a proton gradient
What happens because of protons entering the IMS?
build up of protons
What happens after making a proton gradient?
hydrogen ions move through ATP synthase to get to matrix again
What happens to ATP synthase when protons flow into ATP synthase?
MAKE ATP by chemiosmosis
What happens when hydrogen ions leave ATP synthase and electrons that leave ETC?
join to oxygen to make water
How much ATP will be formed by 1 molecule of NAD?
2.5
How much ATP will be formed by 1 molecule of FAD?
2.5
How many ATP molecules are made altogether?
32
