6.2.2 Synaptic transmission Flashcards

1
Q

What are synapses?

A

Gaps between neurons.

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2
Q

What is the first stage of synaptic transmission?

A

An action potential arrives at a synaptic knob. Depolarisation of synaptic knob leads to the opening of Ca2+ channels and Ca2+ diffuses into synaptic knob.

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3
Q

What happens after Ca2+ diffuses into synaptic knob?

A

Vesicles containing neurotransmitter move towards and fuse with the pre-synaptic membrane. Neurotransmitter is released into the synaptic cleft.

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4
Q

What happens after neurotransmitter is released into the synaptic cleft?

A

Neurotransmitter diffuses down concentration gradient, across synaptic cleft, to post-synaptic membrane. Neurotransmitter binds by complementary shape to receptors on the surface of the post-synaptic membrane.

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5
Q

What happens after the neurotransmitter binds to the receptors on the post-synaptic membrane?

A

Na+ ion channels on the post-synaptic membrane open and Na+ diffuse in. If enough neurotransmitter and Na+ ions diffuse in, above threshold, the post-synaptic neuron becomes depolarised.

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6
Q

What happens after the post-synaptic neuron becomes depolarised?

A

Neurotransmitter is degraded and released from the receptor. The Na+ channel closes and the post-synaptic neuron can re-establish resting potential. The neurotransmitter is transported back into the pre-synaptic neuron, where it is recycled.

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7
Q

What is the neurotransmitter in a cholinergic synapse?

A

Acetylcholine.

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8
Q

What enzyme breaks down acetylcholine?

A

Acetylcholinesterase.

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9
Q

What does acetylcholinesterase do?

A

Breaks down acetylcholine into choline and acetate, which are then recycled back into the presynaptic knob.

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10
Q

What is summation?

A

The rapid build up of neurotransmitters in the synapse to help generate an action potential.

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11
Q

What are the 2 methods of summation?

A

Spatial and temporal.

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12
Q

Why is summation needed?

A

Some action potentials do not result in sufficient concentrations of neurotransmitter being released to generate a new action potential.

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13
Q

What is spatial summation?

A

Many neurons release neurotransmitters into the synapse in order to obtain an action potential.

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14
Q

What is temporal summation?

A

One neurone releases neurotransmitter repeatedly over a short period of time to add up to enough to exceed the threshold value.

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15
Q

What does the inhibitory synapse do?

A

Causes chloride ions to move into the post-synaptic neuron and potassium ions to move out. Combined effect causes the membrane potential to increase to -80mv (hyperpolarization), meaning a new action potential is highly unlikely.

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16
Q

What is the neuromuscular junction?

A

A synapse that occurs between a motor neuron and a muscle and is very similar to a synaptic junction.

17
Q

Describe the sequence of events involved in transmission across a cholinergic synapse.

A
  1. Depolarisation of presynaptic membrane. 2. Calcium channels open and calcium ions enter synaptic knob. 3. Ca2+ ions cause synaptic vesicles to move to/fuse with presynaptic membrane and release acetylcholine/neurotransmitter. 4. Acetylcholine/neurotransmitter diffuses across. 5. Acetylcholine attaches to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane. 6. Sodium ions enter leading to depolarisation.
18
Q

Why is it important that a neurotransmitter such as serotonin is transported back out of synapses?

A

If not removed, it keeps binding to receptors and keeps causing depolarisation.