4.5 Species and taxonomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is courtship behaviour essential for?

A

Successful mating and species recognition.

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2
Q

What is the definition of a species?

A

A group of organisms with similar features that are capable of breeding, to produce living, fertile offspring.

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3
Q

Why must species reproduce?

A

To pass on advantageous alleles for the survival of their species.

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4
Q

What are courtship rituals?

A

A sequence of actions that is unique to each species.

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5
Q

What is courtship behaviour?

A

Behaviour carried out by organisms to attract a mate of the same species.

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6
Q

Most courtship rituals are performed by __________.

A

Males.

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7
Q

What can courtship rituals include?

A

A sequence of dance moves, sounds, release of pheromones, display of colourful feathers or fighting.

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8
Q

Courtship allows species to ensure ____________ ____________.

A

Successful reproduction.

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9
Q

How does courtship allow species to ensure successful reproduction?

A
  • They can recognise individuals of their own species and the opposite sex.
  • Species can synchronize mating behaviour.
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10
Q

Courtship ensures the survival of the _____________

A

Offspring.

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11
Q

How does courtship ensure the survival of the offspring?

A
  • Species can form a pair bond.
  • Choose a strong and healthy mate.
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12
Q

The more similar a courtship sequence is between different species…

A

The more closely related a species are.

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13
Q

What is the binomial system for naming organisms?

A

First name: Genus; second name: species.

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14
Q

What is a taxon?

A

A group of organisms in a classification system.

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15
Q

Give an example of a taxon.

A

Kingdom.

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16
Q

What is the definition of hierarchy?

A

Large groups are split into smaller groups which do not overlap.

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17
Q

What is the hierarchy order?

A

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species.

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18
Q

What are the 3 domains?

A

Prokaryotes, eukaryotes, archaea.

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19
Q

Are archaea unicellular or multicellular?

A

Unicellular.

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20
Q

Where do archaea store their genetic material?

A

In the cytoplasm.

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21
Q

Do archaea have a nucleus?

22
Q

Are archaea prokaryotic or eukaryotic?

A

Prokaryotic.

23
Q

Are bacteria unicellular or multicellular?

A

Unicellular.

24
Q

Where do bacteria store their genetic material?

A

In the cytoplasm.

25
How do bacteria reproduce?
By binary fission.
26
Are bacteria eukaryotic or prokaryotic?
Prokaryotic.
27
What do the walls of bacteria contain?
Peptidoglycan.
28
Do bacteria have a nucleus?
No.
29
How do eukaryotes reproduce?
Mitosis.
30
Can eukaryotes reproduce sexually or asexually?
Either.
31
What is the phylogenetic system based on?
Evolutionary history.
32
What is a simple hierarchy based on?
Characteristics.
33
What is phylogeny?
The evolutionary relationships between organisms.
34
Describe the process of using immunology in testing for genetic relationships.
- Inject protein from one species into another organism. - Obtain antibodies. - Add protein/plasma from other species. - The amount of precipitate indicates relationship (the more precipitate = more closely related).
35
What term is used to describe the method of naming organisms?
Binomial.
36
What information does the phylogenetic classification of field mice provide?
1. Same genus; 2. Same evolutionary origin / common ancestor.
37
Describe how breeding experiments could determine whether two populations are from the same species.
1. Breed the two mice together; 2. (Same species) produce fertile offspring.
38
Other than hunting, suggest two reasons why populations might show very low levels of genetic diversity.
1. Population might have been very small / genetic bottleneck. 2. Population might have started with small number of individuals. 3. Inbreeding.
39
What are some more modern classification systems?
- DNA sequence. - mRNA sequence. - Amino acids sequence. - Immunological.
40
How does phylogenetic classification arrange species into groups?
According to their evolutionary relationships & origins.
41
All organisms have evolved from a shared ____________ __________________.
Common ancestor.
42
What is the binomial system?
First name = Genus; second name = species.
43
Why can different species look similar?
- Live in a similar environment. - Have similar selection pressures. - Similar alleles will have the selective advantage. - Produces similar/same proteins, and therefore have similar characteristics.
44
What is a hierarchy?
Smaller groups arranged within larger groups, with NO overlap between groups.
45
What information does the phylogenetic classification of field mice provide?
- Same genus. - Same evolutionary origin/common ancestor.
46
State three comparisons of genetic diversity used to generate Classification Y (a phylogenetic tree).
- Base sequence of DNA. - Base sequence of mRNA. - Amino acid sequence.
47
What is one source of DNA obtained from otters that were alive before hunting started?
Bone/skin.
48
What is meant by genetic diversity?
Number of different alleles of each gene.
49
Give three ways in which courtship behaviour increases the probability of successful mating.
- Recognise/attract the same species. - Synchronised mating. - Attraction of a mate of the opposite sex. - Formation of a pair bond between 2 organisms.
50
Name the taxonomic group between order and genus.
Family.