4.5 Species and taxonomy Flashcards
What is courtship behaviour essential for?
Successful mating and species recognition.
What is the definition of a species?
A group of organisms with similar features that are capable of breeding, to produce living, fertile offspring.
Why must species reproduce?
To pass on advantageous alleles for the survival of their species.
What are courtship rituals?
A sequence of actions that is unique to each species.
What is courtship behaviour?
Behaviour carried out by organisms to attract a mate of the same species.
Most courtship rituals are performed by __________.
Males.
What can courtship rituals include?
A sequence of dance moves, sounds, release of pheromones, display of colourful feathers or fighting.
Courtship allows species to ensure ____________ ____________.
Successful reproduction.
How does courtship allow species to ensure successful reproduction?
- They can recognise individuals of their own species and the opposite sex.
- Species can synchronize mating behaviour.
Courtship ensures the survival of the _____________
Offspring.
How does courtship ensure the survival of the offspring?
- Species can form a pair bond.
- Choose a strong and healthy mate.
The more similar a courtship sequence is between different species…
The more closely related a species are.
What is the binomial system for naming organisms?
First name: Genus; second name: species.
What is a taxon?
A group of organisms in a classification system.
Give an example of a taxon.
Kingdom.
What is the definition of hierarchy?
Large groups are split into smaller groups which do not overlap.
What is the hierarchy order?
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species.
What are the 3 domains?
Prokaryotes, eukaryotes, archaea.
Are archaea unicellular or multicellular?
Unicellular.
Where do archaea store their genetic material?
In the cytoplasm.
Do archaea have a nucleus?
No.
Are archaea prokaryotic or eukaryotic?
Prokaryotic.
Are bacteria unicellular or multicellular?
Unicellular.
Where do bacteria store their genetic material?
In the cytoplasm.
How do bacteria reproduce?
By binary fission.
Are bacteria eukaryotic or prokaryotic?
Prokaryotic.
What do the walls of bacteria contain?
Peptidoglycan.
Do bacteria have a nucleus?
No.
How do eukaryotes reproduce?
Mitosis.
Can eukaryotes reproduce sexually or asexually?
Either.
What is the phylogenetic system based on?
Evolutionary history.
What is a simple hierarchy based on?
Characteristics.
What is phylogeny?
The evolutionary relationships between organisms.
Describe the process of using immunology in testing for genetic relationships.
- Inject protein from one species into another organism.
- Obtain antibodies.
- Add protein/plasma from other species.
- The amount of precipitate indicates relationship (the more precipitate = more closely related).
What term is used to describe the method of naming organisms?
Binomial.
What information does the phylogenetic classification of field mice provide?
- Same genus; 2. Same evolutionary origin / common ancestor.
Describe how breeding experiments could determine whether two populations are from the same species.
- Breed the two mice together; 2. (Same species) produce fertile offspring.
Other than hunting, suggest two reasons why populations might show very low levels of genetic diversity.
- Population might have been very small / genetic bottleneck.
- Population might have started with small number of individuals.
- Inbreeding.
What are some more modern classification systems?
- DNA sequence.
- mRNA sequence.
- Amino acids sequence.
- Immunological.
How does phylogenetic classification arrange species into groups?
According to their evolutionary relationships & origins.
All organisms have evolved from a shared ____________ __________________.
Common ancestor.
What is the binomial system?
First name = Genus; second name = species.
Why can different species look similar?
- Live in a similar environment.
- Have similar selection pressures.
- Similar alleles will have the selective advantage.
- Produces similar/same proteins, and therefore have similar characteristics.
What is a hierarchy?
Smaller groups arranged within larger groups, with NO overlap between groups.
What information does the phylogenetic classification of field mice provide?
- Same genus.
- Same evolutionary origin/common ancestor.
State three comparisons of genetic diversity used to generate Classification Y (a phylogenetic tree).
- Base sequence of DNA.
- Base sequence of mRNA.
- Amino acid sequence.
What is one source of DNA obtained from otters that were alive before hunting started?
Bone/skin.
What is meant by genetic diversity?
Number of different alleles of each gene.
Give three ways in which courtship behaviour increases the probability of successful mating.
- Recognise/attract the same species.
- Synchronised mating.
- Attraction of a mate of the opposite sex.
- Formation of a pair bond between 2 organisms.
Name the taxonomic group between order and genus.
Family.
