6.14 Learning and Memory

Question 1

implicit and unconscious memory, motor, striatum and cerebellum

Answer 1

non-declarative memory

Question 2

explicit and conscious memory, perceptual/executive, episodic and semantic

Answer 2

declarative memory

Question 3

immediate memory, lasts milliseconds, most is not committed to memory

Answer 3

sensory/immediate memory

Question 4

attention to retain new info for a few minutes, related to cortex and synapse function

Answer 4

working memory

Question 5

lasts seconds to minutes, ability to convert recent experiences to long term

Answer 5

short term memory

Question 6

memories are stored diffusely throughout the _________

Answer 6

cerebral cortex

Question 7

the __________ is involved in converting short term to long term memory, not stored here

Answer 7

limbic circuits

Question 8

in working memory, attention is located in ______________ cortex, retention of info for seconds to minutes

Answer 8

dorsolateral prefrontal

Question 9

long term memory, processed in limbic circuits, retention of info for hours to years, uses _____________

Answer 9

synaptic remodeling

Question 10

memories are consolidated through long term potentiation, and new proteins to strengthen connections using ________

Answer 10

NMDA receptor

Question 11

the process of forgetting long term memories

Answer 11

long term depression

Question 12

Papez circuit: hippocampus –> _______ –> mammillary bodies of hypothalamus –> ________ of thalamus –> ________ gyrus –> cingulum –> hippocampus

Answer 12

fornix
anterior nucleus
cingulate

Question 13

inability to put working into long term, due to bilateral hippocampus/papez circuit lesions

Answer 13

short term memory deficit

Question 14

-digit span-immediate recall
-5 to 7 unrelated words or numbers
-repeating a brief story
all assess?

Answer 14

working memory (attention)

Question 15

-orientation to time and place
-remembering a word list for 3 minutes
assess?

Answer 15

short term memory (transfer to long term)

Question 16

fund of information, past presidents, significant dates assess?

Answer 16

long term memory

Question 17

aka delirium, presents with high fever, confusion, lethargy, inability to store long term

Answer 17

acute global brain failure

Question 18

only memory affected, inability to transfer working memory to long term memory, attentive but confused

Answer 18

isolated amnestic syndrome

Question 19

midline isolated amnestic syndrome would affect?

Answer 19

thalamus, frontal, basilar artery occlusion

Question 20

diffuse isolated amnestic syndrome caused by?

Answer 20

thiamine deficiency, anoxia (hippocampus very sensitive), and trauma

Question 21

intact short term and working memory, abnormal long term memory, physiologically impossible, psychogenic

Answer 21

hollywood amnesia

Question 22

• forget specific dates and people’s names
• remember what they forgot
• track ongoing events, memory deficit inconsistent
• no impairment in social/occupational functioning

Answer 22

normal aging

Question 23

long term memory is okay but short term memory deficit, affects hippocampus

Answer 23

early Alzheimer’s disease

Question 24

neocortical damage, long term memory affected

Answer 24

late Alzheimer’s disease

Question 25

amnesia usually due to trauma, difficulty retrieving long term memory, before the traumatic event

Answer 25

retrograde memory loss

Question 26

amnesia, usually due to trauma, inability to make new, retrievable memories

Answer 26

anterograde memory loss

Question 27

metabolic etiology, acute untreated or chronic thiamine deficiency, lesions of the dorsal medial thalamic nuclei and mammillary bodies

Answer 27

Wernicke’s encephalopathy/Korsakoff’s psychosis

Question 28

in korsakoff’s psychosis there is little or no acquisition of ______ information, impaired retrieval of _______ memory, and confabulation

Answer 28

new, old/historical

Question 29

• visual problems: right visual field defect
• alert, fluent speech, no gaze preference
• poor short term memory
• normal strength, sensation, and reflexes

Answer 29

posterior cerebral artery lesion