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COT 1 (WPH) > 6.1 lect - types of muscle > Flashcards

6.1 lect - types of muscle Flashcards

1
Q

2 types of muscle cells can exist outside of “muscle tissue,” what are they, what germ layers are they derived from, and where are they found?

A
  • myofibroblasts, from mesenchyme, ct

- myoepithelial cells, from ectoderm, epithelia

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2
Q

which free muscle cells come from the mesoderm and which come from the ectoderm?

A

mesoderm - myofribroblasts

ectoderm - myoepithelial cells

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3
Q

RBCs dispersed in connective tissue probably indicates…

A

a wound

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4
Q

myosin expressed in connective tissue =

A

a myofibroblast

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5
Q

myosin expressed in epithelial tissue =

A

a myoepithelial cell

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6
Q

myofibroblast

A

myosin expressed in connective tissue

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7
Q

myosin expressed in epithelial tissue

A

myoepithelial cell

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8
Q

where might you expect to find myoepithelial cells?

A

basally in glandular epithelium to help squeeze out secretions

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9
Q

myofibroblasts are derived from __

A

mesenchyme

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10
Q

myoepithelial cells are derived from __

A

ectoderm

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11
Q

visceral smooth muscle =

A

smooth muscle surrounding visceral organs

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12
Q

appearance of a myofibroblast LM

A

fusiform, basophilic cytoplasm

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13
Q

this cell has ~shape of a fibroblast when relaxed but contracts into a corkscrew shape

A

smooth muscle cell

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14
Q

actin, dense bodies, and intermediate filaments are components of what cell type?

A

smooth muscle cell

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15
Q

what are the intermediate filaments in smooth muscle?

A

arteries / veins - vimentin

most other places - desmin

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16
Q

how are dense bodies attached to one another

A

intermediate filaments (to transmit force)
arteries / veins - vimentin
most other places - desmin

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17
Q

greek root for muscle

latin root for muscle

A

sarco

myo

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18
Q

sarcolemma

A

muscle plasma membrane

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19
Q

muscle plasma membrane

A

sarcolemma

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20
Q

pinocytotic vesicles in smooth muscle plasma membrane

A

caveoli

  • regulate intracellular Ca++ concentrations
  • slow regulation but ok because smooth muscle acts slowly / gradually
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21
Q

T/F smooth muscle has no sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

false
does have sarcoplasmic reticulum for Ca++ sequestration, but caveoli are the primary means of regulating intracellular Ca++ concentrations…

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22
Q

sarcomeres are associated into __

A

myofibrils

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23
Q

myofiber

A

membrane bound element of muscle

  • syncytium in skeletal muscle
  • myocite in smooth and cardiac muscle
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24
Q

myocite

A

individual muscle cells in cardiac and smooth muscle

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25
Q

T/F myocites exist in skeletal muscle

A

false?

no myocites, just syncyctiums of myofibers?

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26
Q

how to tell smooth muscle from skeletal muscle

A

smooth - centra nucleus, no striations

skeletal - peripheral multinucleated, striations

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27
Q

T/F striations are parallel to sarcomere arrangement

A

false

striations = alternating A bans and I bands

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28
Q

T/F striations are perpendicular to sarcomere arrangement

A

true

striations = alternating A bans and I bands

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29
Q

how does weight lifting change skeletal muscle?

A

increased diameter of fibers

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30
Q

T/F weight lifting increases the number of myofibers

A

false

increases diameter of myofibers

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31
Q

T/F a skeletal muscle fiber is typically as long as the whole muscle

A

true

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32
Q

dark band in striation

A

A band

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33
Q

light band in striation

A

I band

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34
Q

dark band in center of light band in striation

A

Z line

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35
Q

light band in center of dark band in striation

A

H zone

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36
Q

dark band in center of light band in center of dark band in striation

A

M line

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37
Q

how many myofibrils in a membrane bound myofiber

A

hundreds

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38
Q 
T/F from largest to smallest, muscle elements include:
myofiber
myofibril
sarcomere
myofilaments
A

true

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39
Q

3 connective tissue investments surrounding muscle tissue

A

endomysium - surrounds myofiber
perimysium - surrounds fascicles
epimyseium - surrounds multiple fasicles (muscle as a whole), connects muscle to tendon

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40
Q

T/F blood vessels can be found in endo, peri, and epimysium

A

true?
smaller in endomysium
larger in perimysium
any blood vessels in epimysium?

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41
Q

T/F adipose and nervous tissue are possible in perimysium

A

true

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42
Q

how does skeletal muscle tissue arise?

A 
somite
myotome
myoblasts (muscle progenitor cells)
myocites
functional syncytium
myofibrils
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43
Q

satellite cells in muscle

A

within the external lamina outside sarcolemma

-presumably capable of regenerating myofibers in case of damage

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44
Q

within the external lamina outside sarcolemma

-presumably capable of regenerating myofibers in case of damage

A

satellite cells in muscle

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45
Q

T/F endomysium contains external lamina

A

true

external lamina is outside all plasmalemma

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46
Q

external lamina of muscle

A 
surrounds all plasmalemma
-yes within endomysium
-yes within perimysium
-yes within epimysium
surround ALL PLASMALEMMA
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47
Q

T/F external lamina = external membrane

A

true

same thing

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48
Q

this is ~ the basement membrane of muscle

A

external lamina

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49
Q

what are the components of the external lamina?

A

same as basement membrane

  • lamina lucida
  • lamina densa
  • lamina reticularis (type IV collagen)
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50
Q

striated muscle encompasses…

A

skeletal muscle

cardiac muscle

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51
Q

what muscle types are not striated?

A

smooth muscle

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52
Q

a myocyte that persists outside the sarcolemma of a muscle fiber, but inside the external membrane

A

satellite cell

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53
Q

alpha-actinin

A

protein of Z line holding actin

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54
Q

protein of Z-line holding actin

A

alpha-actinin

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55
Q

myomesin and C-protein

A

form M line holding myosin together

56
Q

materials that form M line holding myosin together

A

myomesin and C-protein

57
Q

myomesin

A

forms M line with C-protein to hold myosin together

58
Q

C-protein

A

forms M line with myomesin to hold myosin together

59
Q

nebulin and titin

A

hold myosin to Z-line

60
Q

materials that hold myosin to Z-line

A

nebulin and titin

61
Q

nebulin

A

with titin holds myosin to Z line

62
Q

titin

A

with nebulin anchors myosin to Z line

63
Q

costamere

A

where myofibrils are bound to plasmalemma by intermediate filaments and dystrophin

64
Q

where myofibrils are bound to plasmalemma by intermediate filaments and dystrophin

A

costameres

65
Q

dystrophin

A

protein that binds myofibrils to plasmalemma with intermediate filaments at costameres

66
Q

protein that binds myofibrils to plasmalemma with intermediate filaments at costameres

A

dystrophin

67
Q

how are sarcomeres anchored within myofiber?

A

anchored to plasmalemma at costameres by intermediate filaments and dystrophin

68
Q

types of skeletal muscle

A

type I - red (slower, non-fatigue, aerobic)
type IIa - intermediate
type IIb - white (faster, fatigue, anaerobic)

69
Q

T/F muscle fibers can change type on spectrum from red to white in response to use

A

true

70
Q

connective tissue connected to external membrane of muscle

A

endomysium

71
Q

connective tissue fascia that binds the anatomical form of the muscle to the surrounding tissues

A

epimysium

72
Q

order skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle according to size

A

skeletal (largest)
cardiac
smooth (smallest)

73
Q

T/F cardiac myocytes are much smaller than skeletal muscle fibers but larger than smooth muscle myocites

A

true

74
Q

how many nuclei in a cardiac myocite

A

1-2

75
Q

sarcoplasmic cone

A

lighter area where myofibers bend around centrally located nucleus in cardiac myocyte

76
Q

T/F like skeletal muscle, cardiac myocyte nuclei are squished to perifery

A

false

sarcoplasmic cone = lighter area where myofibers bend around centrally located nucleus in cardiac myocyte

77
Q

adjacent myocites are connected electrically through … and bound physically through …

A

gap junctions

fascia adherens

78
Q

fascia adherens in cardiac muscle tissue

A

binds cardiac myocites together physically

intercalated disk

79
Q

modified myocites for conducton of electrical signals through heart

A

purkinje fibers

-fewer myofilaments

80
Q

these cardiac myocytes will have fewer myofilaments than others

A

purkinje fibers

-specialized for conduciotn

81
Q

intercalated disk

A

fascia adherens

  • connect cytoskeletal actin of joined cells
  • cadherins + actin
82
Q

the intercalatd disk (fascia adherens) in cardiac muscle is most similar to what structure in epithelial tissue?

A

zonula adherens (adherens junction)

  • connect cytoskeletal actin of joined cells
  • cadherins + actin
83
Q

T/F desmosomes correspond to zonula adherens

A

false

  • desmosomes correspond to macula adherens (spot weld) junctions - cadherins + keratin intermediate filaments
  • zonula adherens = cadherins + actin
84
Q

synonym for desmosome

A 
macula adherens (spot weld) junctions
-cadherins + keratin intermediate filaments
85
Q

evolutionarily oldest form of muscle

A

smooth muscle

86
Q

dense bodies / dense plaques

A

anchoring proteins for myofilaments in smooth muscles (homologues of z-lines)
-connected to each other via intermediate filaments

87
Q

involuntary muscle includes…

A

smooth muscle

cardiac muscle

88
Q

2 classes of smooth muscle

A

unitary - acts as one mechanical unit

multiunit - ~1:1 axon:cell ratio for finer control

89
Q

will the iris have unitary or multiunit smooth muscle?

A

multiunit

~1:1 axon:cell ratio for finer control

90
Q

T/F smooth muscle cells in the uterine myometrium are hormonally responsive and grow up to 200 microns in length during pregnancy

A

true

91
Q

how are smooth muscle cells in the uterine myometrium hormonally responsive?

A

grow up to 200 microns in length during pregnancy

92
Q

neuromuscular junction

A

specialized structure joining nerve axon with muscle

most specialized in skeletal muscle, but present in rudimentary form in smooth muscle too

93
Q

specialized structure joining nerve axon with muscle

most specialized in skeletal muscle, but present in rudimentary form in smooth muscle too

A

neuromuscular junction

94
Q

junctional folds

A

local invaginations of the sarcolemma underneath the point of contact with the axon, designed to increase surface area and number of ACh receptors

95
Q

local invaginations of the sarcolemma underneath the point of contact with the axon, designed to increase surface area and number of ACh receptors

A

junctional folds

96
Q

muscle spindles

A
  • sensory structures in muscle to sense position and stretch-state
  • composed of modified muscle fibers (bag and chain fibers) with sensory neurons that sense position and stretch and gamma motor neurons that alter sensitivity
  • encapsulated by its own perimysium
97
Q

sensory structures in muscle to sense position and stretch-state

A

muscle spindles

98
Q

composed of modified muscle fibers (bag and chain fibers) with sensory neurons that sense position and stretch and gamma motor neurons that alter sensitivity

A

muscle spindle

99
Q

bag and chain fibers

A

modified muscle fibers in a muscle spindle that includes sensory neurons to sense position and stretch and gamma motor neurons to alter sensitivity

100
Q

modified muscle fibers in a muscle spindle that includes sensory neurons to sense position and stretch and gamma motor neurons to alter sensitivity

A

bag and chain fibers

101
Q

gamma motor neuron

A

motor neuron specific to muscle spindle to modify sensitivity of sensory neurons to position and stretch

102
Q

motor neuron specific to muscle spindle to modify sensitivity of sensory neurons to position and stretch

A

gamma motor neurons

103
Q

golgi tendon organ

A

like a muscle spindle with specialized muscle fibers and sensory and motor neurons

  • positioned between muscle fibers and connecting tendon
  • primarily associated with reflexive responses of the muscles
104
Q

positioned between muscle fiber and tendon,

~like a muscle spindle with specialized muscle fibers and sensory and motor neurons

A

golgi tendon organ

105
Q

primarily associated with reflexive response of muscles

A

golgi tendon organ

106
Q

muscle spindle is homologous in structure and function to…

A

golgi tendon organ

107
Q

golgi gendon organ is homologous in structure and function to…

A

muscle spindle

108
Q

difference between muscle spindle and goligi tendon organ?

A
  • muscle spindle: specialized muscle fibers and nerves to sense position and stretch, in muscle itself
  • golgi tendon organ: specialized muscle fibers and nerves to sense position and stretch, between muscle and tendon, mostly for reflexive response of muscle
109
Q

T/F unitary and multiunit smooth muscle is on somewhat of a spectrum depending on nerve:myocyte ratio

A

true

110
Q

3 subclasses of muscle

A

-striated (I,IIA,IIB skeletal; standard, endocrine, conducting cardiac)
-smooth (unitary, multiunit)
single cell (myofibroblast, myoepithelial)

111
Q

how do you tell unitary from multiunit smooth muscle apart on H&E?

A

very difficult, need to know anatomy

-perhaps with special nerve stain

112
Q

intracellular actin of neighboring cells meet at …

A

zonula adherens
(adherens junctions)
catenin + actin

113
Q

how is actin anchored to dense bodies in smooth muscle?

A

f-actin tethered to dense bodies by a-actin

114
Q

a-actin

A

tethers f-actin to dense bodies in smooth muscle

115
Q

T/F there exist smooth muscles that are under voluntary control

A

false

smooth muscle Never under voluntary control (by definition, as far as we know…, in humans)

116
Q

between unitary and multiunit smooth muscle, which would you call myogenic and which would you call neurogenic?

A

unitary - myogenic (single axon many gap juncitons)

multiunit - neurogenic (axon:myocite ~1:1)

117
Q

iris, erector pilli, large blood vessels, and small airways of the lung contain unitary or multiunit smooth muscle?

A

multiunit

fine control

118
Q

do caveoli appear on P or E face in freeze fracture?

A

both

endocytosing vesicles will appear similarly on both E and P face

119
Q

T/F caveoli can be associated with cardiac muscle

A

false
smooth muscle only
-Ca++ release from SR in cardiac initiated by action potential, sarcolemma, T-tubules, sarcoplasmic reticulum
-Ca++ release from SR in sooth muscle initiated by caveoli

120
Q

T/F caveoli can be associated with skeletal muscle

A

false
smooth muscle only
-Ca++ release from SR in skeletal initiated by action potential, sarcolemma, T-tubules, sarcoplasmic reticulum
-Ca++ release from SR in sooth muscle initiated by caveoli

121
Q

T/F caveoli can be associated with smooth muscle

A

true
smooth muscle only
-Ca++ release from SER in sooth muscle initiated by caveoli

122
Q

dyad

A

where t-tubule meets a terminal cisterna of SR in cardiac myocites @ Z-lines

123
Q

where t-tubule meets a terminal cisterna of SR in cardiac myocites @ Z-lines

A

dyad

124
Q

how many feet in a dyad

A

2
1 terminal cisterna of SR
1 t-tubule

125
Q

where does a dyad rest on a cardiac myocite?

A

at Z-lines

126
Q

the specific name for the zonula adherens in cardiac muscle

A

fascia adherens

127
Q

T/F intercalated disks are composed of gap junctions

A

false
yes, there are gap junctions there, but gap junctions also appear laterally; the intercalated disk is due to the fascia adherens (cadherins + actin)

128
Q

T/F the t-tubule contains extracellular space

A

true

129
Q

triad

A

where t-tubule meets 2 terminal cisternae of sarcoplasmic reticulum
-located where I band meets A band (right where it needs to deliver calcium)

130
Q

where t-tubule meets 2 terminal cisternae of sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

triad

-located where I band meets A band (right where it needs to deliver calcium)

131
Q

located where I band meets A band (right where it needs to deliver calcium)

A

triad

where t-tubule meets 2 terminal cisternae of sarcoplasmic reticulum

132
Q

T/F cardiac myocytes are usually binucleated

A

false

binucleaton possible, but usually mononucleated

133
Q

cytoplasmic space devoid of myofibrils but full of organelles in cardiac myocyte

A

sarcoplasmic cone

-caused because myofibrils spanning entire cardiac myocite must get around nucleus

134
Q

caused because myofibrils spanning entire cardiac myocite must get around nucleus

A

sarcoplasmic cone

cytoplasmic space devoid of myofibrils but full of organelles

135
Q

T/F actin filaments span the entire length of a cardiac myosite

A 
false
myofibrils (composed of multiple sarcomeres) span the entire length of cardiac myocyte

COT 1 (WPH) (25 decks)

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