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COT 1 (WPH) > 5.4 lab - cartilage, bone, synovial joint > Flashcards

5.4 lab - cartilage, bone, synovial joint Flashcards

1
Q

a high proportion of what material composes the lamina propria?

A

elastic fibers

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2
Q

a high proportion of what material composes the submucosa?

A

collagen

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3
Q

what materials compose the lamina propria and submucosa respectively?

A

lamina propria - elastic fibers

submucosa - collagen fibers

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4
Q

“hylaine” is a generic adjective that means __

A

glassy

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5
Q

cartilage is made of type __ cartilage

A

type II

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6
Q

2 matrix regions in hyalin cartilage

A
  • territorial matrix - slighly more basophilic immediately surrounding isogenous group
  • interterritorial matrix - lighter staining areas between territorial matrices
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7
Q

territorial matrix

A

slighly more basophilic area in hyaline cartilage immediately surrounding an isogenous group of chondrocytes

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8
Q

interterritorial matrix

A

lighter staining areas of hyalin cartilage between the territorial matrices that immediately surround isogenous groups of chondrocytes

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9
Q

slighly more basophilic area in hyaline cartilage immediately surrounding an isogenous group of chondrocytes

A

territorial matrix

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10
Q

lighter staining areas of hyalin cartilage between the territorial matrices that immediately surround isogenous groups of chondrocytes

A

interterritorial matrix

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11
Q

predominant resident cell of hyalin cartilage

A

chondrocyte

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12
Q

which portion of hyaline cartilage is relatively older and which is younger?

A 
inner = older
outer = younger
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13
Q

why do isogenous groups form in cartilage?

A

because, unlike other connective tissues, cartilage does not allow cell movement, so when a parent cell divides into daughter cells they are kept close to each other

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14
Q

where are isogenous groups more prominent, in the inner or outer portions of cartilage?

A

inner, older poriton of cartilage

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15
Q

the space in which a chondrocyte sits

A

lacuna

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16
Q

lacuna

A

the space in which a chondrocyte or osteocyte sits

filled by cell in vivo, but cell shrinks in slide preparation so looks like an empty space with smaller cell inside

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17
Q

is the outer fibrous layer of perichondrium or periosteum dense irregular or dense regular connective tissue?

A

in between
fibers randomly oriented in 2D, not 3D, so appear more like dense regular connective tissue or smooth muscle (but proper term is outer fibrous perichondrium layer)

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18
Q

what cells exist in the inner cellular layers of perichondrium and periosteum?

A

chondroblasts

osteoblasts

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19
Q

3 examples of fetal cartilage

A

nasal septum
meckel’s cartilage
epiphyseal cartilage (closest to joint cavity)

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20
Q

U-shaped piece of fetal cartilage that has evolutionary significance as a structural element of the jaw. disappears in the adult

A

meckel’s cartilage

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21
Q

how to tell fetal hyaline cartilage from adult hyaline cartilage

A

cartilage matrix will be less mature and isogenous groups will not be mature in fetal cartilage

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22
Q

the bridge of the nose is what kind of cartilage?

A

hyaline cartilage

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23
Q

the ear is what kind of cartilage?

A

elastic cartilage

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24
Q

elastic cartilage

A

hyaline cartilage with elastin fibers added to the matrix

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25
Q

stain for elastin

A

vaerhoeff’s stain

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26
Q

vaerhoeff’s stain

A

stains elastin (black)

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27
Q

are elastic fibers more concentrated in territorial matrix or interterritorial matrix of elastic cartilage?

A

territorial matrix (right around isogenous groups)

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28
Q

is there elastin in the perichondrial layer of elastic cartilage?

A

yes

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29
Q

fibrocartilage

A

a transitional tissue between connective tissue and hyaline cartilage - type I collagen invading hyaline cartilage matrix
-e.g. pubic symphysis, intervertebral disk, where perichondrium separates from from cartilage in joint cavity

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30
Q

where is fibrocartilage generally found?

A

where hyaline cartilage attaches to fibrous connective tissue

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31
Q

T/F elastic cartilage is found in the pubic symphisis

A

false
elastic cartilage in ear
fibrocartilage in pubic symphysis

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32
Q

T/F fibrocartilage is found in the ear and bridge of the nose

A

false
ear = elastic cartilage
nose bridge = hyaline cartilage
pubic symphysis = fibrocartilage

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33
Q

what does fibrocartilage look like on LM?

A

like dense connective tissue merging with cartilage and invading it to a degree

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34
Q

name 3 types of cartilage and examples of their locations

A

hyaline cartilage - joints, trachea, nose bridge
elastic cartilage - ear
firbocartilage - pubic symphysis, intervertebral disk, where perichondrium separates from from cartilage in joint cavity

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35
Q

T/F fibrocartilage is a transitional tissue

A

true

transition between connective tissue and hyaline cartilage

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36
Q

T/F compact and spongy bone exist on a continuum

A

true

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37
Q

cortical bone

A

compact bone surrounding spongy bone

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38
Q

the opposite of cortical bone is….

A

the medulla (spongy inner bone)

39
Q

compact bone is also called…

A

cortical or dense

40
Q

spongy bone is also called

A

cancellous or trabecular

41
Q

trabecular bone =

A

spongy or cancellous bone

42
Q

dense bone =

A

compact or cortical bone

43
Q

non-mineralized spaces occur where in compact bone

A

haversian and volkmann’s canals

44
Q

non-mineralized spaces occur where in spongy bone

A

in the multitude of spaces between trabeculae

-unmineralized spaces may consists of fibrous connective tissue, adipose tissue, or hematopoietic tissue

45
Q

what fills the unmineralized spaces of bones?

A
  • fibrous connective tissue
  • adipose tissue
  • hematopoietic tissue
  • blood vessels
46
Q

what macroscopic classification of bone has the greatest strength / weight ratio?

A

spongy bone

47
Q

birds have a typically higher percentage of what macroscopic class of bone?

A

spongy bone

48
Q

what fills the marrow of bones?

A
  • fibrous connective tissue
  • adipose tissue
  • hematopoietic tissue
  • blood vessels
49
Q

primary (woven) bone is laid upon…

A

a connective tissue matrix

50
Q

lamellar (secondary) bone is laid upon…

A

existing bone

or replacing existing bone

51
Q

the outer layer of a long bone is called the…

A

outer circumferential layer

a layer of appositional growth

52
Q

the inner layer of a long bone is called the…

A

inner circumferential layer

a layer of appositional growth

53
Q

outer circumferential layer

A

outer layer of appositional growth of long bone

54
Q

inner circumferential layer

A

inner layer of appositional growth of long bone

55
Q

cementing lines

A

deeply basophilic lines between successive lamellae of bone

56
Q

deeply basophilic lines between successive lamellae of bone

A

cementing lines

57
Q

how does haversion growth occur

A
  • osteoclast cells bore a hole
  • perfusion
  • osteoblasts lay down lamellae; osteocytes
58
Q

what is the name for each circular compact bone structure formed by haversian growth?

A

osteon

59
Q

osteon

A

circular compact bone structure formed by haversian growth

60
Q

the center of an osteon

A

haversian canal

  • lacuna
  • nerve, artery, vein
  • endothelial cells
  • connective tissue space
  • osteocytes
61
Q

main feature of a haversian canal

A

blood vessel (nerve, artery, vein)

62
Q

lacuna in compact bone

A

space at center of haversian system / osteon

63
Q

homologous spaces surrounding osteocytes and chondrocytes

A

lacunae

64
Q

cells that fill lacunae in cartilage and bone

A

chondrocytes

osteocytes

65
Q

volkmann’s canals

A

connect osteons / haversian canals with vasculature

66
Q

connect osteons / haversian canals with vasculature

A

volkmann’s canals

67
Q

bone and cartilage differ in that __ is vascular and __ is avascular

A

bone is vascular

cartilage is avascular

68
Q

T/F parts of the vascular network in compact bone can lie outside of osteons

A

true

other larger blood vessels can be present

69
Q

is the bone between osteons woven or lamellar?

A

depends on age / maturity
early - osteons replace woven bone
older - osteons replace other osteons

70
Q

T/F in a younger bone, inner and outer circumferential lamellae occupy less of the total compact bone area

A

true

as bone ages, inner and outer lamella grow

71
Q

T/F unlike in cartilage, the interface between bone and surrounding tissue always consists of at least one intact layer of cells

A

true
breaking a bone disrupts this layer and begins restorative response (analagous to breaking endothelial layer and initiating clotting response)

72
Q

what is the function in the cellular periosteum and endosteum after bone breakage?

A

disruption of the cellular layer initiates the restorative response (analagous to breaking endothelial layer and initiating clotting response)

73
Q

what initiates the restorative response following bone breakage?

A

disruption of the cellular layers (cellular periosteum and endosteum)
(analagous to breaking endothelial layer and initiating clotting response)

74
Q

normally, the fibrous layer predominates the __osteum and the cellular layer predominates the __osteum

A

fibrous layer predominates periosteum

cellular layer predominates endosteum

75
Q

how does a ground section of bone differ from a traditionally prepared histological section of bone?

A

ground section is still mineralized

traditional sections are demineralized so they can be cut

76
Q

what are ground sections of bone useful for?

A

staining with an inert stain (india ink) which will show surface irregularities

  • lacunae
  • canaliculi
77
Q

canaliculi

A

tiny channels that allow communication between trapped but still living and communicating osteocytes

78
Q

tiny channels that allow communication between trapped but still living and communicating osteocytes

A

canaliculi

79
Q

how can you prep a histological slide for visualization of canaliculi?

A
  • use a ground section of bone (still mineralized)
  • stain with an inert stain (india ink) which will show surface irregularities
  • observe lacunae
  • observe canaliculi
80
Q

spaces between osteons

A

interstitial lamellae

  • no longer functional osteons that have been replaced
  • or woven bone if younger specimin
81
Q

interstitial lamellae

A

spaces between osteons

  • no longer functional osteons that have been replaced
  • or woven bone if younger specimin
82
Q

synovial joint

A

fluid filled cavity encapsulated by wall of periosteal tissue covering surface of two articulating bones

83
Q

fluid filled cavity encapsulated by wall of periosteal tissue covering surface of two articulating bones

A

synovial joint

84
Q

what composes the synovial membrane?

A

wall of periosteal tissue

85
Q

put simply, a synovial joint is a joint that ….

A

moves freely

86
Q

T/F articular cartilage is a specialized form of hyaline cartilage

A

true

87
Q

how is articular cartilage distinct from hyaline cartilage?

A

differential staining

-the extracellular matrix stains differently because type II collagen fibers are aligned parallel to the surface

88
Q

if there were such a thing as “dense irregular cartilage” this would be it

A

articular cartilage

-the extracellular matrix stains differently because type II collagen fibers are aligned parallel to the surface

89
Q

every surface in the synovial joint should be either __ or __

A

articular cartilage or

synovial membrane

90
Q

what composes the synovial membrane?

A
  • type I collagen
  • elastin
  • synoviocytes
    • A-cells - macrophage-like
    • B-cells - secretory
  • rich in sensory nerve fibers
  • deeper fibrous layer
91
Q

synoviocyte

A

resident cells of synovial membrane
A-cell - macrophage for local debris
B-cell - secretes synovial fluid

92
Q

resident cells of the synovial membrane

A

synoviocytes:
A-cell - macrophage for local debris
B-cell - secretes synovial fluid

93
Q

what kinds of fibers are found in the synovial membrane?

A

type I collagen

elastin

94
Q

T/F the synovial membrane is not relatively innervated

A

false

rich in sensory nerve fibers

COT 1 (WPH) (25 decks)

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