5.4 lab - cartilage, bone, synovial joint Flashcards
a high proportion of what material composes the lamina propria?
elastic fibers
a high proportion of what material composes the submucosa?
collagen
what materials compose the lamina propria and submucosa respectively?
lamina propria - elastic fibers
submucosa - collagen fibers
“hylaine” is a generic adjective that means __
glassy
cartilage is made of type __ cartilage
type II
2 matrix regions in hyalin cartilage
- territorial matrix - slighly more basophilic immediately surrounding isogenous group
- interterritorial matrix - lighter staining areas between territorial matrices
territorial matrix
slighly more basophilic area in hyaline cartilage immediately surrounding an isogenous group of chondrocytes
interterritorial matrix
lighter staining areas of hyalin cartilage between the territorial matrices that immediately surround isogenous groups of chondrocytes
slighly more basophilic area in hyaline cartilage immediately surrounding an isogenous group of chondrocytes
territorial matrix
lighter staining areas of hyalin cartilage between the territorial matrices that immediately surround isogenous groups of chondrocytes
interterritorial matrix
predominant resident cell of hyalin cartilage
chondrocyte
which portion of hyaline cartilage is relatively older and which is younger?
inner = older outer = younger
why do isogenous groups form in cartilage?
because, unlike other connective tissues, cartilage does not allow cell movement, so when a parent cell divides into daughter cells they are kept close to each other
where are isogenous groups more prominent, in the inner or outer portions of cartilage?
inner, older poriton of cartilage
the space in which a chondrocyte sits
lacuna
lacuna
the space in which a chondrocyte or osteocyte sits
filled by cell in vivo, but cell shrinks in slide preparation so looks like an empty space with smaller cell inside
is the outer fibrous layer of perichondrium or periosteum dense irregular or dense regular connective tissue?
in between
fibers randomly oriented in 2D, not 3D, so appear more like dense regular connective tissue or smooth muscle (but proper term is outer fibrous perichondrium layer)
what cells exist in the inner cellular layers of perichondrium and periosteum?
chondroblasts
osteoblasts
3 examples of fetal cartilage
nasal septum
meckel’s cartilage
epiphyseal cartilage (closest to joint cavity)
U-shaped piece of fetal cartilage that has evolutionary significance as a structural element of the jaw. disappears in the adult
meckel’s cartilage
how to tell fetal hyaline cartilage from adult hyaline cartilage
cartilage matrix will be less mature and isogenous groups will not be mature in fetal cartilage
the bridge of the nose is what kind of cartilage?
hyaline cartilage
the ear is what kind of cartilage?
elastic cartilage
elastic cartilage
hyaline cartilage with elastin fibers added to the matrix
stain for elastin
vaerhoeff’s stain
vaerhoeff’s stain
stains elastin (black)
are elastic fibers more concentrated in territorial matrix or interterritorial matrix of elastic cartilage?
territorial matrix (right around isogenous groups)
is there elastin in the perichondrial layer of elastic cartilage?
yes
fibrocartilage
a transitional tissue between connective tissue and hyaline cartilage - type I collagen invading hyaline cartilage matrix
-e.g. pubic symphysis, intervertebral disk, where perichondrium separates from from cartilage in joint cavity
where is fibrocartilage generally found?
where hyaline cartilage attaches to fibrous connective tissue
T/F elastic cartilage is found in the pubic symphisis
false
elastic cartilage in ear
fibrocartilage in pubic symphysis
T/F fibrocartilage is found in the ear and bridge of the nose
false
ear = elastic cartilage
nose bridge = hyaline cartilage
pubic symphysis = fibrocartilage
what does fibrocartilage look like on LM?
like dense connective tissue merging with cartilage and invading it to a degree
name 3 types of cartilage and examples of their locations
hyaline cartilage - joints, trachea, nose bridge
elastic cartilage - ear
firbocartilage - pubic symphysis, intervertebral disk, where perichondrium separates from from cartilage in joint cavity
T/F fibrocartilage is a transitional tissue
true
transition between connective tissue and hyaline cartilage
T/F compact and spongy bone exist on a continuum
true
cortical bone
compact bone surrounding spongy bone
the opposite of cortical bone is….
the medulla (spongy inner bone)
compact bone is also called…
cortical or dense
spongy bone is also called
cancellous or trabecular
trabecular bone =
spongy or cancellous bone
dense bone =
compact or cortical bone
non-mineralized spaces occur where in compact bone
haversian and volkmann’s canals
non-mineralized spaces occur where in spongy bone
in the multitude of spaces between trabeculae
-unmineralized spaces may consists of fibrous connective tissue, adipose tissue, or hematopoietic tissue
what fills the unmineralized spaces of bones?
- fibrous connective tissue
- adipose tissue
- hematopoietic tissue
- blood vessels
what macroscopic classification of bone has the greatest strength / weight ratio?
spongy bone
birds have a typically higher percentage of what macroscopic class of bone?
spongy bone
what fills the marrow of bones?
- fibrous connective tissue
- adipose tissue
- hematopoietic tissue
- blood vessels
primary (woven) bone is laid upon…
a connective tissue matrix
lamellar (secondary) bone is laid upon…
existing bone
or replacing existing bone
the outer layer of a long bone is called the…
outer circumferential layer
a layer of appositional growth
the inner layer of a long bone is called the…
inner circumferential layer
a layer of appositional growth
outer circumferential layer
outer layer of appositional growth of long bone
inner circumferential layer
inner layer of appositional growth of long bone
cementing lines
deeply basophilic lines between successive lamellae of bone
deeply basophilic lines between successive lamellae of bone
cementing lines
how does haversion growth occur
- osteoclast cells bore a hole
- perfusion
- osteoblasts lay down lamellae; osteocytes
what is the name for each circular compact bone structure formed by haversian growth?
osteon
osteon
circular compact bone structure formed by haversian growth
the center of an osteon
haversian canal
- lacuna
- nerve, artery, vein
- endothelial cells
- connective tissue space
- osteocytes
main feature of a haversian canal
blood vessel (nerve, artery, vein)
lacuna in compact bone
space at center of haversian system / osteon
homologous spaces surrounding osteocytes and chondrocytes
lacunae
cells that fill lacunae in cartilage and bone
chondrocytes
osteocytes
volkmann’s canals
connect osteons / haversian canals with vasculature
connect osteons / haversian canals with vasculature
volkmann’s canals
bone and cartilage differ in that __ is vascular and __ is avascular
bone is vascular
cartilage is avascular
T/F parts of the vascular network in compact bone can lie outside of osteons
true
other larger blood vessels can be present
is the bone between osteons woven or lamellar?
depends on age / maturity
early - osteons replace woven bone
older - osteons replace other osteons
T/F in a younger bone, inner and outer circumferential lamellae occupy less of the total compact bone area
true
as bone ages, inner and outer lamella grow
T/F unlike in cartilage, the interface between bone and surrounding tissue always consists of at least one intact layer of cells
true
breaking a bone disrupts this layer and begins restorative response (analagous to breaking endothelial layer and initiating clotting response)
what is the function in the cellular periosteum and endosteum after bone breakage?
disruption of the cellular layer initiates the restorative response (analagous to breaking endothelial layer and initiating clotting response)
what initiates the restorative response following bone breakage?
disruption of the cellular layers (cellular periosteum and endosteum)
(analagous to breaking endothelial layer and initiating clotting response)
normally, the fibrous layer predominates the __osteum and the cellular layer predominates the __osteum
fibrous layer predominates periosteum
cellular layer predominates endosteum
how does a ground section of bone differ from a traditionally prepared histological section of bone?
ground section is still mineralized
traditional sections are demineralized so they can be cut
what are ground sections of bone useful for?
staining with an inert stain (india ink) which will show surface irregularities
- lacunae
- canaliculi
canaliculi
tiny channels that allow communication between trapped but still living and communicating osteocytes
tiny channels that allow communication between trapped but still living and communicating osteocytes
canaliculi
how can you prep a histological slide for visualization of canaliculi?
- use a ground section of bone (still mineralized)
- stain with an inert stain (india ink) which will show surface irregularities
- observe lacunae
- observe canaliculi
spaces between osteons
interstitial lamellae
- no longer functional osteons that have been replaced
- or woven bone if younger specimin
interstitial lamellae
spaces between osteons
- no longer functional osteons that have been replaced
- or woven bone if younger specimin
synovial joint
fluid filled cavity encapsulated by wall of periosteal tissue covering surface of two articulating bones
fluid filled cavity encapsulated by wall of periosteal tissue covering surface of two articulating bones
synovial joint
what composes the synovial membrane?
wall of periosteal tissue
put simply, a synovial joint is a joint that ….
moves freely
T/F articular cartilage is a specialized form of hyaline cartilage
true
how is articular cartilage distinct from hyaline cartilage?
differential staining
-the extracellular matrix stains differently because type II collagen fibers are aligned parallel to the surface
if there were such a thing as “dense irregular cartilage” this would be it
articular cartilage
-the extracellular matrix stains differently because type II collagen fibers are aligned parallel to the surface
every surface in the synovial joint should be either __ or __
articular cartilage or
synovial membrane
what composes the synovial membrane?
- type I collagen
- elastin
- synoviocytes
- A-cells - macrophage-like
- B-cells - secretory
- rich in sensory nerve fibers
- deeper fibrous layer
synoviocyte
resident cells of synovial membrane
A-cell - macrophage for local debris
B-cell - secretes synovial fluid
resident cells of the synovial membrane
synoviocytes:
A-cell - macrophage for local debris
B-cell - secretes synovial fluid
what kinds of fibers are found in the synovial membrane?
type I collagen
elastin
T/F the synovial membrane is not relatively innervated
false
rich in sensory nerve fibers
