2.3 lecture - cellular pathology - Toth Flashcards
1
Q
real histological space Must be lined with ___, otherwise the space is artifactual
A
epithelia
2
Q
in the first 2 weeks of a conceptus, most cell proliferation occurs in what layer?
A
trophoblast
3
Q
this is the only place you can find co-localized skeletal and smooth muscle
A
muscularis externa layer
4
Q
the trophoblast is derived from This cell layer of the blastocyst
A
outer cell layer
5
Q
this is a basophilic dye that stains bases, like nuclei and ribosomes
A
hematoxalin
nucleic “acids” in nucleus are technically “bases” at physiological pH
6
Q
what makes a ribosome a “basic” cellular structure?
A
ribosomes are ~60% composed of RNA (ribonucleic Acid), but such “acids” will be basic at physiological pH
7
Q
this is an acidophilic dye that stains acids, like mitochondria and and collagens
A
eosin
mitochondria is acidic because of [H+], think proton pump in e- transfer chain
8
Q
is collagen acidic or basic?
A
acidic - it stains eosinophilic
9
Q
what is the principle of an electron microscope stain?
A
e- density
10
Q
give 2 examples of structures that stain darkly on electron microscopy
A
-chromosomes
-metals
(high e- density stains darkly)
11
Q
what does a red blood cell look like on electron microscopy?
A
a ~ uniform gray cell - Fe in hemoglobin stains darkly on EM (high e- density)
12
Q
what are 2 forms of chromatin
A
heterochromatin - tightly coiled DNA
euchromatin - loosely coiled DNA
13
Q
this is the form of chromatin when it is likely not actively transcribed into RNA nor producing proteins
A
heterochromatin - packed DNA
14
Q
this is the form of chromatin when it is likely actively transcribing and producing RNA and proteins
A
euchromatin - unpacked DNA
15
Q
heterochromatin
A
tightly coiled “packaged” chromatin - likely not actively transcribed nor producing RNA / proteins
16
Q
euchromatin
A
loosely coiled “unpacked” chromatin - likely actively being transcribed
17
Q
process of natural, controlled cell death
A
apoptosis
18
Q
acute, uncontrolled cell death
A
necrosis
19
Q
cell division is called
A
mitosis
20
Q
cells not undergoing mitotic division are in…
A
interphase
21
Q
word for anything contained within the cell cytoplasm
A
an inclusion
22
Q
lipid containing molecules of lysosomal digestion are called
A
lipofuscin
23
Q
the process of adipocytes accumulating naturally in an organ is termed __
A
involution
24
Q
“involution” means…
A
the process of something turning in upon itself
25
steatosis is...
the pathological retention of lipids within a cell (aka fatty change, fatty degeneration or adipose degeneration)
26
the word for the pathological retention of lipids within a cell (aka fatty change, fatty degeneration or adipose degeneration) is...
steatosis
27
what is the difference between involution and steatosis
- involution = the natural accumulation of adipocytes in an organ
- steatosis = the pathological accumulation of lipids within a cell
28
concretions refer to...
accumulations of mineralized deposits in an organ
29
accumulations of mineralized deposits in an organ are termed __
concretions
30
concretions =
involutions =
steatosis =
- concretions = accumulated mineral deposits in an organ
- involutions = normal accumulation of adipocytes in an organ
- steatosis = pathological accumulation of lipids in the cytoplasm
31
glycosylated proteins on or associated with the surface of a cell form the __
glycocalyx
32
the study of pathological morphology in cells is called...
cellular histopathology
33
this chromatin structure is a sign of relatively inactive transcriptional process in the cell
heterochromatin
34
this chromatin structure is a sign of relatively active transcriptional process in the cell
euchromatin
35
what are 2 time-points in the lifecycle of a cell lineage that often display heterochromatic nuclei?
- stem cells - may be relatively quiescent compared to differentiating daughter cells
- adult/terminally differentiated cell - some cells synthesize bulk of needed proteins during differentiation and quiet down as adults
36
differentiating cells are likely to display what characteristic nuclei?
euchromatic - actively transcribing and making proteins
37
there is less danger of discarded nuclear material bring taken up and recognized by a different cell (e.g. immune response) if the cell undergoes this process
apoptosis
38
T/F an apoptotic cell can be recognized by multiple blobs of strongly heterochromatic material
true
39
why is DNA in apoptosing cells highly heterochromatic?
chromosomes are tightly packaged an split apart in the process of apoptosis
40
an acute hypoxic event, mechanical trauma, and assault by a microorganism are all events that may cause this type of cell death
necrosis
41
necrosis can be recognized in individual cells by...
- deeply eosinophilic cytoplasm
| - largely intact and uncondensed nucleus
42
T/F one is likely to see a few mitotic cells in most normal tissue
false - mitosis occurs fairly quickly
43
the presence of mitotic cells in a slide likely indicates that...
many of the cells of that tissue are dividing (either normally or abnormally - e.g. cancer)
44
appearance of a cell in metaphase
metaphase plate
45
appearance of a cell in anaphase
two v's of chromosomes being pulled to opposite sides
46
appearance of a cell in telophase
daughter cells pinching apart
47
in germ cells, prophase is recognizable because...
chromosomal duplication occurs in absence of a nuclear membrane and chromatin is free in the cell
48
this is a general term for anything contained in the cytoplasm
inclusion
49
T/F an inclusion can be normal or abnormal
true - inclusion is a general term for anything contained in the cytoplasm
50
this is a typical inclusion found in keratinocytes
melanin - gives rise to skin color
51
melanin appearing in cells in the dermal connective tissue is an example of
an abnormal inclusion requiring an explanation - melanin is usually found in keratinocytes of the epithelium, not dermal connective tissue
52
lipofuscin is...
a pigmented lipid, usually formed as a byproduct of a metabolic process, that accumulates because of a lack of a sufficient intracellular mechanism for its metabolism
53
this is a pigmented lipid, usually formed as a byproduct of a metabolic process, that accumulates because of a lack of a sufficient intracellular mechanism for its metabolism
lipofuscin
54
T/F lipofuscin is usually found in young cells
false - lipofuscin is a pigmented lipid, usually formed as a byproduct of a metabolic process, that accumulates because of a lack of a sufficient intracellular mechanism for its metabolism, and thus usually is found in aged cells
55
an example of a cell type that normally accumulates lipofuscin pigment includes...
neurons of the central nervous system - they are retained throughout life and thus normally accumulate lipofuscin
56
lipofuscin accumulation in this organ is a pathological example
the liver - hepatocytes of the liver are quickly replaced
57
T/F lipofuscin pigment accumulation in neurons of the CNS is usually pathological
false - CNS neurons are retained throughout life and thus normally accumulate lipofuscin
58
T/F lipofuscin pigment accumulation in hepatocytes of the liver is usually pathological
true - hepatocytes of the liver are quickly replaced. lipofuscin accumulation normally occurs in aged cells
59
change in cell shape (e.g. cuboidal to columnar or vice versa), change in cell size, or change in staining intensity are all examples of signs of...
swelling
60
2 examples of cells that accumulate lipid naturally include:
- adipocytes
| - steroid-producing cells
61
2 examples of organs that accumulate lipid-containing cells as a function of age include:
- bone marrow
| - thymus
62
"parenchymal" tissue is..
the essential & distinctive tissue of an organ
63
the replacement of an organ's parenchymal tissue with adipose tissue is called __
involution
64
involution is...
the replacement of an organ's parenchymal tissue with adipose tissue
65
the classical example of steatosis is...
the "fatty liver" - which occurs with chronic alcohol consumption or obesity
66
steatosis indicates
deficient or ineffective metabolic process within the cell
67
why is fatty accumulation in the liver usually indicative of a chronic condition?
liver cells turnover / regenerate fairly quickly
68
histologically, steatosis has the appearance of...
large clear fat accumulations that look like holes in tissue
69
lipids/fats/cholesterol usually stain what color?
clear - most dyes/stains are hydrophilic
| ! careful ! swelling may look similar
70
what is a possible difference in the appearance of fatty accumulation versus swelling?
- fat probably appears as large, clear staining accumulations that look like holes in tissue
- swelling probably appears as more diffuse, lighter stains rather than large holes...
71
what is a concretion?
an accumulation of mineralized substance as a terminal end-product of a metabolic pathway
72
are concretions found intracellularly or extracellularly?
both
73
2 examples of organs that normally form concretions include:
- lumen of the prostate (corpora amylacea - "starchy body")
- pineal gland (corpora arenacea - "brain sand")
in both cases, these normal concretions correlate with age
74
corpora amylacea
"starchy body" - a normal, age-correlated concretion in the lumen of the prostate
75
corpora arenacea
"brain sand" - a normal, age-correlated concretion in the pineal gland
76
why is the "pineal" gland so called?
"pineal" = pine cone = the appearance of the tiny gland
77
function of the pineal gland
"tiny pine cone" shaped gland in the vertebrate brain. produces the serotonin derivative melatonin, a hormone that affects the modulation of wake/sleep patterns and seasonal functions
78
function of the prostate gland
secrete a slightly alkaline fluid, milky or white in appearance, that usually constitutes 50–75% of the volume of the semen. The alkalinity of semen helps neutralize the acidity of the vaginal tract, prolonging the lifespan of sperm
79
describe the glycocalyx
a cloud of glycosylated proteins either inserted into membrane or associated with other proteins bound in the membrane
80
what is the general result of the glycocalyx
make the cell surface slippery. first point of interface
81
where in epithelial cells is the glycocalyx typically strong versus weak?
strong - membrane facing lumen
| weaker - sides attached to adjacent cells or connective tissue
82
T/F strong glycocalyx is not typically found on microvilli
false - glycocalyx is strongly apparent in gut and nephric tubules where it takes advantage of the increased surface area of microvilli
83
you will see LM evidence of the glycocalyx in __ stains, especially in these 2 organs
- PAS stains
| - gut and nephric tubules, where the glycocalyx is especially apparent due to increased surface area of microvilli
84
development of a strong glycocalyx on inappropriate cell surfaces can contribute to...
a cell's pathological migratory ability (as in some cancerous transformations)
85
cell growth - larger cells
hypertrophy
86
cell multiplication - more cells
hyperplasia
87
cell wasting away - smaller cells
atrophy
88
the opposite of hypertrophy is __
atrophy
89
the opposite of atrophy is __
hypertrophy
90
when cells grow differently than they should, the term is __
dysplasia
91
metaplasia
cells of one type are replaced by cells of another type
92
when epithelium of one type is displaced by epithelium of another type, the term is __
metaplasia
93
dysplasia
cells grow differently than they should
94
hypertrophy
cell growth - larger cells
95
hyperplasia
cell multiplication - more cells
96
atrophy
cell wasting away - smaller cells
97
on EM, a junctional complex is a good indicator of __
epithelia
98
"macula" means __
"spot"
99
on EM, this cell junction looks like a spot weld,
| while this junction looks like a belt
- macula adherens
| - zonula adherens
100
"fenestra" is latin for __
window
101
what do you call a simple squamous endothelial layer with holes between cells?
fenestrated endothelium
102
fenestrated endothelium
a simple squamous endothelial layer with holes between cells
103
on EM, stacked, curved membranes making cis and trans faces obvious compose the
golgi
104
on EM, steroid producing cells will exhibit these 2 structures
- smooth endoplasmic reticulum
| - fat droplets
105
why are RBC's gray on EM?
packed with Hb --> Fe - electron dense
