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COT 1 (WPH) > 4.3 lect - ct cells derived from the PHC - Rushmore > Flashcards

4.3 lect - ct cells derived from the PHC - Rushmore Flashcards

1
Q

peyer’s patches =

A

aggregated lymph nodules in the ileum (last third of small intestine)

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2
Q

T/F mast cells and eosinophils can be found in epithelia

A

false - connective tissue, not epithelia

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3
Q

what is the appearance of a mast cell

A
  • nucleus: round with rim of heterochromatin and central nucleoulus (like eye or target)
  • cytoplasm: eosinophilic or basophilic granules
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4
Q

what is the appearance of an eosinophil

A
  • nucleus: lobed (2-3) and heterochromatic

- cytoplasm: eosinophilic granules

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5
Q

how many lobes in an eosinophil nucleus?

A

2-3

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6
Q

how can you tell a mast cell and an eosinophil apart?

A

eosinophil = lobed nucleus and slightly smaller cell

mast cell = circular nucleus and slightly larger cell

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7
Q

the term for the passage of blood cells through intact capillary walls, typically accompanying inflammation

A

diapedesis

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8
Q

diapedesis

A

passage of blood cells through intact capillary walls, typically accompanying inflammation

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9
Q

plasma =

A

serum + clotting factors

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10
Q

another name for thrombocyte

A

platelet

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11
Q

another name for platelet

A

thrombocyte

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12
Q

what is the precurser to a macrophage

A

monocyte

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13
Q

a monocyte becomes a __

A

macrophage

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14
Q

monocytes are found…

macrophages are found…

A
  • circulating in blood

- in connective tissue

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15
Q

since many macrophages exist in tissue-specific forms, they are collectively known as…

A

mononuclear phagocytic system

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16
Q

these WBCs are capable of chemotaxis

A

neutrophils

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17
Q

how do neutrophils kill phagocytosed microorganisms?

A

a respiratory burst reaction

rapid release of reactive superoxides and peroxides

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18
Q

this WBC is spcialized to kill phagocytosed microorganisms through a respiratory burst reaction

A

neutrophil

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19
Q

how to tell tendon from skeletal muscle

A

skeletal muscle has striations

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20
Q

how to tell unilocular adipocytes from capillaries

A

unilocular adipocytes rarely occur alone, they occur in clumps

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21
Q

what cell type manufactures the basement membrane

A

epithelial cells

not fibroblasts!

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22
Q

how many different types of granules are contained within neutrophils

A

3
philic (primary)
specific (secondary)
tertiary

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23
Q

the 3 granule types in a neutrophil are termed:

A

philic (primary)
specific (secondary)
tertiary

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24
Q

NETosis =

A

neutrophil extracellular traps
neutrophil response to invasion by dying and extravisation of stranded chromosomal material, which double as bacteriotoxic agents when extracellular

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25
Q

mast cells contain what key proteins?

A

histamine - inflammatory mediator

heparin - anticoagulant

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26
Q

histamine

A

inflammatory mediator

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27
Q

heparin

A

anticoagulant

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28
Q

mast cells are functionally similar to __, but in appearance more similar to __

A

functionally similar to basophils

similar to eosinophils in appearance

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29
Q

this leukocyte mediates allergic responses

A

eosinophil

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30
Q

this leukocyte functions as an antihelminthic

A

eosinophil

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31
Q

helminthic refers to…

A

parasite worms

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32
Q

eosinophil granules contain…

A

cationic proteins

including major basic protein

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33
Q

major basic protein is found in granules of which granulocyte

A

eosinophil

34
Q

this leukocyte functions in adaptive immune reponse

A

lymphocyte

35
Q

this leukocyte works via antigen-antibody recognition

A

B-lymphocytes

36
Q

antibody producing B-cells are termed…

A

plasma cells

37
Q

this lymphocyte recognizes self from non-self through MHC-molecule recognition

38
Q

how do T-cells recognize self from non-self

A

through MHC (major histocompatibility complex) recognition via T-cell receptor

39
Q

what are the two main subdivisions of lymphocytes

A

B-cells

T-cells

40
Q

what cell type makes type IV collagen?

A 
epithelial cells (not fibroblasts)
-type IV collagen forms lamina densa of basement membrane
41
Q

what do panneth cells look like?

A

occasional highly eosinophilic cells that can be found in epithelia / gland lumens secreting intimicrobials

42
Q

name 4 defensive properties of epithelia

A
  • terminal bar / junctional complex is a strong structural barrier
  • pathogen may have to negotiate several layers of epithelium
  • antimicrobial secretions (e.g. low pH in stomach, antimicrobial peptides in saliva)
  • connective tissue barrier (basal lamina)
43
Q

when a pathogen breaches an epithelial barrier, it usually finds itself in…

A

connective tissue proper

44
Q

what is the primary function of loose connective tissue and how is it reflected in composition?

A

defense

-high cellularity, low fibrillarity

45
Q

identify a macrophage

A
  • euchromatic nucleus
  • eosinophilic cytoplasm
  • phagocytic vacuoles inside (apparent on both LM and VM) - most defining characteristic
46
Q

supervital stain

A

technique used by scientists to identify macrophages, yakuza for tatoos
-non-degradable dye injected into connective tissue and taken up by macrophages for visualization

47
Q

what are 3 stages of phagocytosis?

A
  • recognition
  • phagosome
  • phago-lysosome fusion and digestion
48
Q

what initiates an inflammatory response?

A

macrophage binding / phagocytosis of pathogen and release of cytokines

49
Q

4 classical signs of inflammation

A

calor - heat
rubor - redness
tumor - swelling
dolor - pain

50
Q

non-specific response to damage or invaders is termed

A

inflammatory response
-or-
innate immune response

51
Q

what is another term for inflammatory response

A

innate immune response

52
Q

what is another term for innate immune response

A

inflammatory response

53
Q

how specific is the inflammatory response

A

non-specific

54
Q

2 components of inflammatory response are:

A

vascular response

cellular response

55
Q

vascular inflammatory response in 3 steps

A
  • cytokines cause vasodilation of arterioles in area to increase blood flow (calor, rubor)
  • cytokines increase permeability of blood vessels by disrupting intercellular linkages (tumor - edema)
  • this slows the blood and allows RBCs and WBCs to contact the endothelium
56
Q

where do neutrophils usually reside?

A

in the blood, unless called into connective tissue

57
Q

T/F neutrophil nuclei are lobed

A

true - 2-5 lobes

58
Q

how many lobes are there in a neutrophil nucleus?

59
Q

what are the 3 classes of neutrophil granules and what are their respective functions?

A

primary (philic) - lysosomes
secondary (specific) - antimicrobial
tertiary - gelatinase/cathepsin/collagenase (proteases)

60
Q

why are neutrophil nuclei likely lobed?

A

to squeeze through endothelial spaces in diapedesis

61
Q

name 5 steps of the cellular inflammatory response

A
  • margination and binding
  • diapedesis
  • neutrophilic wave
  • monocytic wave
  • recovery
62
Q

including 3 vascular and 5 cellular steps, describe the inflammatory response in 8 steps

A

-vasodilation
-edema
-slowing of blood flow
-margination and binding
-diapedesis
neutrophilic wave
-monocytic wave
-recover

63
Q

once the vascular inflammatory response allows blood flow to slow in the inflamed area, what is the first step of the cellular inflammatory response?

A

margination and binding

  • neutrophils pushed to side (marginated) by slowing of blood
  • endothelial cells express selectin receptors in response to cytokines
  • neutrophil selectins bind to endothelial selectin receptors, which slows and stops neutrophil
  • neutrophil binds to integrin receptors
64
Q

in the cellular inflammatory response, selectins…

A

expressed on neutrophils bind selectin receptors in endothelium to slow and stop the neutrophil flowing past in blood, so it can bind integrin receptors and undergo diapedesis

65
Q

in the cellular inflammatory response, integrins…

A

expressed on neutrophils bind integrin receptors in endothelium to undergo diapedesis (after selectin receptors have stopped the neutrophil)

66
Q

after margination and binding, what is the next step in the cellular inflammatory response?

A

diapedesis

  • neutrophils squeeze through basal lamina
  • migrate to source of cytokines
  • secrete tertiary granule contents (cathepsins, gelatinases, collagenases) to get past barriers present in ground substance
67
Q

which granule contents do migrating neutrophils secrete in order to get past barriers present in ground substance?

A

tertiary - cathepsins, gelatinases, collagenases

primary is lysosomal, secondary is antimicrobial

68
Q

what happens when neutrophil reaches source of cytokines?

A

attacks pathogen with respiratory blast

release lysosomal and antimicrobial contents of primary (philic) and secondary (specific) granules i believe…

69
Q

after 1st wave neutrophil response, what does the second wave of the cellular inflammatory response consist of?

A

monocytes enter tissue and transform into macrophages

70
Q

which leukocytes are considered “fast-acting” in the cellular inflammatory response?

A

neutrophils

  • invade quickly and reach peak concentration after ~24 hours
  • 1 shot and dead when lysosome expended
71
Q

how long does it take neutrophils to reach peak concentration during the cellular inflammatory response?

72
Q

how long does it take macrophages to reach peak concentration during the cellular inflammatory response?

A

~36-48 hours

73
Q

when do monocytes transform into macrophages?

A

when they reach the pathogen or source of the cytokines

74
Q

which leukocyte is 1-shot and dead in the cellular inflammatory response?

A

neutrophil
dead when lysosome expended
(pus = dead neutrophils)

75
Q

what is largely the content of pus?

A

dead neutrophils

76
Q

how long do macrophages hang around?

A

a long time

not 1 and done like neutrophils

77
Q

what is the recovery process from inflammation?

A
  • cytokines dissipate (invader neutralized so no longer activating macrophage)
  • permeability of blood vessels return to normal
  • macrophage ingests extracellular fragments, dead neutrophils
  • excess tissue fluid and macrophages enter lymph system
78
Q

what is the source of cytokines that initiates the inflammatory response?

A

macrophage (in response to an invader)

79
Q

when does the cytokine release instigating an inflammatory response cease?

A

when the invader is neutralized and no longer activating macrophages to release cytokines

80
Q

what causes vasodilation during the inflammatory response?

A

cytokines released by macrophage at site of invader

81
Q
  • must finish, stopped at “recovery from inflammation” on p. 4 of lecture slides
A
  • must finish, stopped at “recovery from inflammation” on p. 4 of lecture slides

COT 1 (WPH) (25 decks)

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