4.3 lect - ct cells derived from the PHC - Rushmore Flashcards
1
Q
peyer’s patches =
A
aggregated lymph nodules in the ileum (last third of small intestine)
2
Q
T/F mast cells and eosinophils can be found in epithelia
A
false - connective tissue, not epithelia
3
Q
what is the appearance of a mast cell
A
- nucleus: round with rim of heterochromatin and central nucleoulus (like eye or target)
- cytoplasm: eosinophilic or basophilic granules
4
Q
what is the appearance of an eosinophil
A
- nucleus: lobed (2-3) and heterochromatic
- cytoplasm: eosinophilic granules
5
Q
how many lobes in an eosinophil nucleus?
A
2-3
6
Q
how can you tell a mast cell and an eosinophil apart?
A
eosinophil = lobed nucleus and slightly smaller cell
mast cell = circular nucleus and slightly larger cell
7
Q
the term for the passage of blood cells through intact capillary walls, typically accompanying inflammation
A
diapedesis
8
Q
diapedesis
A
passage of blood cells through intact capillary walls, typically accompanying inflammation
9
Q
plasma =
A
serum + clotting factors
10
Q
another name for thrombocyte
A
platelet
11
Q
another name for platelet
A
thrombocyte
12
Q
what is the precurser to a macrophage
A
monocyte
13
Q
a monocyte becomes a __
A
macrophage
14
Q
monocytes are found…
macrophages are found…
A
- circulating in blood
- in connective tissue
15
Q
since many macrophages exist in tissue-specific forms, they are collectively known as…
A
mononuclear phagocytic system
16
Q
these WBCs are capable of chemotaxis
A
neutrophils
17
Q
how do neutrophils kill phagocytosed microorganisms?
A
a respiratory burst reaction
rapid release of reactive superoxides and peroxides
18
Q
this WBC is spcialized to kill phagocytosed microorganisms through a respiratory burst reaction
A
neutrophil
19
Q
how to tell tendon from skeletal muscle
A
skeletal muscle has striations
20
Q
how to tell unilocular adipocytes from capillaries
A
unilocular adipocytes rarely occur alone, they occur in clumps
21
Q
what cell type manufactures the basement membrane
A
epithelial cells
not fibroblasts!
22
Q
how many different types of granules are contained within neutrophils
A
3
philic (primary)
specific (secondary)
tertiary
23
Q
the 3 granule types in a neutrophil are termed:
A
philic (primary)
specific (secondary)
tertiary
24
Q
NETosis =
A
neutrophil extracellular traps
neutrophil response to invasion by dying and extravisation of stranded chromosomal material, which double as bacteriotoxic agents when extracellular
25
mast cells contain what key proteins?
histamine - inflammatory mediator
| heparin - anticoagulant
26
histamine
inflammatory mediator
27
heparin
anticoagulant
28
mast cells are functionally similar to __, but in appearance more similar to __
functionally similar to basophils
| similar to eosinophils in appearance
29
this leukocyte mediates allergic responses
eosinophil
30
this leukocyte functions as an antihelminthic
eosinophil
31
helminthic refers to...
parasite worms
32
eosinophil granules contain...
cationic proteins
| including major basic protein
33
major basic protein is found in granules of which granulocyte
eosinophil
34
this leukocyte functions in adaptive immune reponse
lymphocyte
35
this leukocyte works via antigen-antibody recognition
B-lymphocytes
36
antibody producing B-cells are termed...
plasma cells
37
this lymphocyte recognizes self from non-self through MHC-molecule recognition
T-cells
38
how do T-cells recognize self from non-self
through MHC (major histocompatibility complex) recognition via T-cell receptor
39
what are the two main subdivisions of lymphocytes
B-cells
| T-cells
40
what cell type makes type IV collagen?
```
epithelial cells (not fibroblasts)
-type IV collagen forms lamina densa of basement membrane
```
41
what do panneth cells look like?
occasional highly eosinophilic cells that can be found in epithelia / gland lumens secreting intimicrobials
42
name 4 defensive properties of epithelia
- terminal bar / junctional complex is a strong structural barrier
- pathogen may have to negotiate several layers of epithelium
- antimicrobial secretions (e.g. low pH in stomach, antimicrobial peptides in saliva)
- connective tissue barrier (basal lamina)
43
when a pathogen breaches an epithelial barrier, it usually finds itself in...
connective tissue proper
44
what is the primary function of loose connective tissue and how is it reflected in composition?
defense
| -high cellularity, low fibrillarity
45
identify a macrophage
- euchromatic nucleus
- eosinophilic cytoplasm
- phagocytic vacuoles inside (apparent on both LM and VM) - most defining characteristic
46
supervital stain
technique used by scientists to identify macrophages, yakuza for tatoos
-non-degradable dye injected into connective tissue and taken up by macrophages for visualization
47
what are 3 stages of phagocytosis?
- recognition
- phagosome
- phago-lysosome fusion and digestion
48
what initiates an inflammatory response?
macrophage binding / phagocytosis of pathogen and release of cytokines
49
4 classical signs of inflammation
calor - heat
rubor - redness
tumor - swelling
dolor - pain
50
non-specific response to damage or invaders is termed
inflammatory response
-or-
innate immune response
51
what is another term for inflammatory response
innate immune response
52
what is another term for innate immune response
inflammatory response
53
how specific is the inflammatory response
non-specific
54
2 components of inflammatory response are:
vascular response
| cellular response
55
vascular inflammatory response in 3 steps
- cytokines cause vasodilation of arterioles in area to increase blood flow (calor, rubor)
- cytokines increase permeability of blood vessels by disrupting intercellular linkages (tumor - edema)
- this slows the blood and allows RBCs and WBCs to contact the endothelium
56
where do neutrophils usually reside?
in the blood, unless called into connective tissue
57
T/F neutrophil nuclei are lobed
true - 2-5 lobes
58
how many lobes are there in a neutrophil nucleus?
2-5
59
what are the 3 classes of neutrophil granules and what are their respective functions?
primary (philic) - lysosomes
secondary (specific) - antimicrobial
tertiary - gelatinase/cathepsin/collagenase (proteases)
60
why are neutrophil nuclei likely lobed?
to squeeze through endothelial spaces in diapedesis
61
name 5 steps of the cellular inflammatory response
- margination and binding
- diapedesis
- neutrophilic wave
- monocytic wave
- recovery
62
including 3 vascular and 5 cellular steps, describe the inflammatory response in 8 steps
-vasodilation
-edema
-slowing of blood flow
-margination and binding
-diapedesis
neutrophilic wave
-monocytic wave
-recover
63
once the vascular inflammatory response allows blood flow to slow in the inflamed area, what is the first step of the cellular inflammatory response?
margination and binding
- neutrophils pushed to side (marginated) by slowing of blood
- endothelial cells express selectin receptors in response to cytokines
- neutrophil selectins bind to endothelial selectin receptors, which slows and stops neutrophil
- neutrophil binds to integrin receptors
64
in the cellular inflammatory response, selectins...
expressed on neutrophils bind selectin receptors in endothelium to slow and stop the neutrophil flowing past in blood, so it can bind integrin receptors and undergo diapedesis
65
in the cellular inflammatory response, integrins...
expressed on neutrophils bind integrin receptors in endothelium to undergo diapedesis (after selectin receptors have stopped the neutrophil)
66
after margination and binding, what is the next step in the cellular inflammatory response?
diapedesis
- neutrophils squeeze through basal lamina
- migrate to source of cytokines
- secrete tertiary granule contents (cathepsins, gelatinases, collagenases) to get past barriers present in ground substance
67
which granule contents do migrating neutrophils secrete in order to get past barriers present in ground substance?
tertiary - cathepsins, gelatinases, collagenases
| primary is lysosomal, secondary is antimicrobial
68
what happens when neutrophil reaches source of cytokines?
attacks pathogen with respiratory blast
| release lysosomal and antimicrobial contents of primary (philic) and secondary (specific) granules i believe...
69
after 1st wave neutrophil response, what does the second wave of the cellular inflammatory response consist of?
monocytes enter tissue and transform into macrophages
70
which leukocytes are considered "fast-acting" in the cellular inflammatory response?
neutrophils
- invade quickly and reach peak concentration after ~24 hours
- 1 shot and dead when lysosome expended
71
how long does it take neutrophils to reach peak concentration during the cellular inflammatory response?
~24 hours
72
how long does it take macrophages to reach peak concentration during the cellular inflammatory response?
~36-48 hours
73
when do monocytes transform into macrophages?
when they reach the pathogen or source of the cytokines
74
which leukocyte is 1-shot and dead in the cellular inflammatory response?
neutrophil
dead when lysosome expended
(pus = dead neutrophils)
75
what is largely the content of pus?
dead neutrophils
76
how long do macrophages hang around?
a long time
| not 1 and done like neutrophils
77
what is the recovery process from inflammation?
- cytokines dissipate (invader neutralized so no longer activating macrophage)
- permeability of blood vessels return to normal
- macrophage ingests extracellular fragments, dead neutrophils
- excess tissue fluid and macrophages enter lymph system
78
what is the source of cytokines that initiates the inflammatory response?
macrophage (in response to an invader)
79
when does the cytokine release instigating an inflammatory response cease?
when the invader is neutralized and no longer activating macrophages to release cytokines
80
what causes vasodilation during the inflammatory response?
cytokines released by macrophage at site of invader
81
* must finish, stopped at "recovery from inflammation" on p. 4 of lecture slides
* must finish, stopped at "recovery from inflammation" on p. 4 of lecture slides
