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COT 1 (WPH) > 5.1 lect - bone & cartilage > Flashcards

5.1 lect - bone & cartilage Flashcards

1
Q

cartilage and bone are derived from the __, which is derived from the __

A

mesenchyme

mesoderm

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2
Q

3 regions of long bone

A

epiphysis - head
metaphysis - neck
diaphysis - shaft

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3
Q

macroscopic descriptions of bone

A

compact

spongy (cancellous)

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4
Q

microscopic descriptions of bone

A

woven
lamellar
-appositional
-haversian

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5
Q

outer surface of bone

A

periosteum

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6
Q

inner surface of bone

A

endosteum

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7
Q

T/F all bone surfaces are lined with cells

A

true

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8
Q

what are the two layers of periosteum?

A

outer fibrous

inner cellular

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9
Q

how is bone prepared in a histological section?

A

demineralized

soft tissues removed

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10
Q

what is the name for circular bone structure

A

osteon or

haversian system

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11
Q

what are two types of lamellar bone growth?

A 
haversian growth (concentric rings)
apositional growth (sheets)
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12
Q

what embryonic tissues does bone come from?

A
  • axial skeleton - sclerotome (somites, paraxial mesoderm)
  • appendicular skeleton + sternum - somatic mesoderm (lateral plate mesoderm)
  • facial bones, parts of skull, clavicle - neural crest cells (ectomesenchyme)
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13
Q

what embryonic tissue does most of the axial skeleton come from (except sternum, facial and some other bones of skull) ?

A

sclerotome

somites, paraxial mesoderm

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14
Q

what embryonic tissue does most of the appendicular skeleton and sternum come from (except clavicle) ?

A

somatic mesoderm

lateral plate mesoderm

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15
Q

what embryonic tissue do the clavicle and facial bones come from ?

A

neural crest cells

ectomesenchyme

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16
Q

how is intramembranous bone formed?

A

begins with a fibrous layer and bone is made directly (no cartilage intermediate)

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17
Q

how is endochondral bone formed?

A

shape made from hyaline cartilage, then turned into bone with osteocytes and vascularization

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18
Q

what are two types of initial bone development?

A

intramembranous (fibrous layer - bone)

endochondral (hyaline cartilage shape - bone)

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19
Q

what kinds of bones develop by endochondral ossification?

A

extremeties and weight bearing bones of axial skeleton

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20
Q

what kinds of bones develop by intramembranous ossification?

A

flat bones of face and skull, mandible, clavicle

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21
Q

mesenchyme

A

part of embryonic mesoderm that develops into connective tissues and other important tissues

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22
Q

appositional growth

A

growth on an existing surface. surrounding mesenchyme gives rise to osteoprogenitor cells that come into contact with initially formed bone and differentiate into bone producing cells

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23
Q

what does the axial skeleton include

A

spine, ribs, skull

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24
Q

is the shoulder girdle part of the axial or appendicular skeleton?

A

appendicular

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25
Q

is the pelvic girdle part of the axial or appendicular skeleton?

A

appendicular

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26
Q

bone collar

A

layer of bone around diaphysis of a cartilage model of developing bone

  • located between periosteum and cartilage
  • first sign of ossification of long bones
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27
Q

primary ossification center

A

in diaphysis of long bones, site in hyalin cartilage model where bone begins to form

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28
Q

secondary ossification center

A

in epiphysis of long bones, formation of bone and breakdown of hyalin cartilage model

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29
Q

in diaphysis of long bones, site in hyalin cartilage model where bone begins to form

A

primary ossification center

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30
Q

in epiphysis of long bones, formation of bone and breakdown of hyalin cartilage model

A

secondary ossification center

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31
Q

where are the primary and secondary ossification centers?

A

in long bones
primary - diaphysis
secondary - epiphysis

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32
Q

woven bone

A

(also primary, bundle, nonlamellar)

  • initially formed and immature
  • more cells, random pattern
  • major type in fetus
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33
Q

primary bone

A

(also woven, bundle, nonlamellar)

  • initially formed and immature
  • more cells, random pattern
  • major type in fetus
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34
Q

bundle bone

A

(also primary, woven, nonlamellar)

  • initially formed and immature
  • more cells, random pattern
  • major type in fetus
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35
Q

nonlamellar bone

A

(also primary, woven, bundle)

  • initially formed and immature
  • more cells, random pattern
  • major type in fetus
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36
Q

immature bone

A

(also primary, woven, nonlamellar, bundle)

  • initially formed and immature
  • more cells, random pattern
  • major type in fetus
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37
Q

lamellar bone

A

(mature bone)

  • fewer cells
  • organized layers
  • haversian or appositional
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38
Q

mature bone

A

(lamellar bone)

  • fewer cells
  • organized layers
  • haversian or appositional
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39
Q

osteon

A

lamellar bone in concentric circles

from haversian growth

40
Q

calcified cartilage matrix

A

initial scaffold for new bone deposition

-chondrocytes will apoptose, calcified cartilage removed by phagocytosis, new bone laid down by osteoblasts

41
Q

this structure is the initial scaffold for new bone deposition

A

calcified cartilage matrix

-chondrocytes will apoptose, calcified cartilage removed by phagocytosis, new bone laid down by osteoblasts

42
Q

epiphyseal cartilage

A

growth plate

  • cartilage that remains between epiphysis and diaphysis following secondary ossification center development
  • allows for continued long bone growth
43
Q

growth plate

A
  • epiphyseal cartilage that remains between epiphysis and diaphysis following secondary ossification center development
  • allows for continued long bone growth
44
Q

what are the zones of the epiphyseal growth plate?

A
  • rest (reserve cartilage)
  • proliferation
  • hypertrophy (maturation)
  • calcification & degeneration)
  • ossification & resorption (of calcified cartilage)
45
Q

articular cartilage

A

hyaline cartilage at ends of long bone in synovial / moveable joints
-allows smooth gliding of articulating surfaces

46
Q

hyaline cartilage at ends of long bone in synovial / moveable joints

A

articular cartilage

47
Q

epiphyseal line

A

what is left of epiphyseal plate when growth is completely finished
-no cartilage remains between epiphysis and diaphysis, all replaced by bone

48
Q

what are the two kinds of tissue that bone grows within

A

mesenchyme (intramembranous ossification)

cartilage (endochondral ossification)

49
Q

how does bone qualify as specialized connective tissue?

A

cells suspended in an extracellular matrix

50
Q

are most bones formed by endochondral or intramembranous ossification?

A

endochondral

51
Q

limb bones are developed by __ ossification

A

endochondral

52
Q

the spine and ribs are developed by __ ossification

A

endochondral

53
Q

by what kind of ossification is the shoulder girdle formed?

A

clavicle - intramembranous

the rest - endochondral

54
Q

the pelvic girdle is developed by __ ossification

A

endochondral

55
Q

where does the hyaline cartilage model for endochondral ossification come from?

A

mesenchymal cells

56
Q

when are hyaline cartilage bone models developed?

A

by week 6 of embryonic development

57
Q

when does ossification of limb bones begin?

A

week 8 of embryonic development

58
Q

when are cartilage models developed and when does ossification of limb bones begin?

A

cartilage models - week 6

ossification begins - week 8

59
Q

when in embryonic development do demands on the maternal supply of calcium, proteins, and vitamins increase significantly?

A

week 8
ossification of cartilage models begins
also intramembranous ossification

60
Q

in this type of bone formation mesenchyme differentiation, mesenchyme differentiates directly to bone

A

intramembranous ossification

61
Q

are flat bones of the skull formed by endochondral or intramembranous ossification?

A

intramembranous

62
Q

are facial bones formed by endochondral or intramembranous ossification?

A

intramembranous

63
Q

is the clavicle formed by endochondral or intramembranous ossification?

A

intramembranous

64
Q

when does intramembranous ossification begin?

A

week 8
same as endochondral
increases demands on maternal supply of calcium proteins vitamins

65
Q

what microscopic type of bone is formed via endochondral ossification?

A

primary or woven

will be replaced by lamellar bone in remodeling

66
Q

what microscopic type of bone is formed via intramembranous ossification?

A

primary or woven

will be replaced by lamellar bone in remodeling

67
Q

what microscopic type of bone is formed via intramembranous vs endochondral ossification?

A

both form primary or woven bone

will be replaced by lamellar bone in remodeling

68
Q

steps of intramembranous bone formation

A
  • mesenchymal cells organize into an ossification center with adequate vascularization
  • differentiate into osteoblasts
  • produce osteoid matrix that will calcify
  • trapped cells become osteocytes
  • ossification centers grow radially and fuse with others to produce bone
69
Q

steps of endochondral bone formation

A
  • mesenchymal cells organize into a hyaline cartilage model
  • bone collar forms (impedes diffusion of O2 to chondrocytes)
  • chondrocytes produce alkaline phosphatase and hypertrophy
  • calcification and death of chondrocytes
  • blood vessels penetrate bone collar bring osteoprogenitor cells
  • osteoblasts add layers of primary bone to calcified cartilage matrix
  • calcified cartilage removed by osteoclasts
  • appositional bone growth
  • secondary ossification center later appears in epiphysis
  • primary woven bone replaced by secondary lamellar bone
70
Q

what is the function of the bone collar?

A

in endochrondral ossification
impedes O2 diffusion to chondrocytes at primary ossification center, leads to chondrocyte hypertrophy and then death
-then blood vessels penetrate bone collar to bring osteoprogenitor cells

71
Q

by when is epiphyseal cartilage usually eliminated?

A

age 20

bony epiphyseal line only

72
Q

when are the terms intramembranous and endochondral applicable to bone?

A

during initial laying down (ossification) only

73
Q

meckel’s cartilage

A

cartilage structure in mandible that exists for structural support while mandible forms by intramembranous ossification
-regresses and disappears in fetus

74
Q

cartilage structure in mandible that exists for structural support while mandible forms by intramembranous ossification
-regresses and disappears in fetus

A

meckel’s cartilage

75
Q

these cells produce osteoid

A

osteoblasts

76
Q

osteoid

A

new, not yet calcified bone material, recently secreted from osteoblast

77
Q

osteoblasts secrete

A

osteoid

and matrix vesicles (aid in calcification)

78
Q

trabeculae

A

bone struts during ossification or in spongy bone

79
Q

how is periosteum formed?

A

mesenchyme condenses around bone

80
Q

do vertebrae form via endochondral or intramembranous ossificaiton?

A

endochondral

81
Q

when do secondary ossification centers appear?

A

some before birth

some after birth

82
Q

where do the osteoblasts come from in endochondral ossificaiton?

A

some from stem cells in perichondrium

some from stem cells in blood flow

83
Q

gestational diabetes and retanoic acid exposure through acne and anti-aging creams in the mother can affect embryonic/fetal bone growth how?

A

can interfere with migration of cranio neural crest cell migration and cause defects in craniofacial bone development

84
Q

when a cuboidal osteoblast is not actively producing osteoid it will become….

A

a squamous bone lining cell

85
Q

T/F osteoclasts are derived from mesenchymal stem cells

A

false
osteoblasts, bone lining cells, osteocytes are derived from mesenchymal stem cells
-osteoclasts are derived from granulocyte / monocyte progenitor cells

86
Q

what material is produced by chondrocytes in the zone of hypertrophy?

A

type I and type X collagen

87
Q

does the growth plate change thickness during growth?

A

no

cartilage is resorbed at ~same rate bone is proliferating

88
Q

in H&E, bone stains __, cartilage stains __

A

bone eosinophilic

cartilage basophilic

89
Q

parenchymal means

A

the native, unique, functionally significant

antonymn of stromal

90
Q

the antonymn of parenchymal

A

stromal

91
Q

the antonymn of stromal

A

parenchymal

92
Q

the native, unique, functionally significant

antonymn of stromal

A

parenchymal

93
Q

is growth plate usually considered part of the epiphysis or metaphysis?

A

metaphysis

94
Q

T/F growth plate is usually considered part of the epiphysis

A

false

metaphysis

95
Q

T/F growth plate is usually considered part of the metaphysis

A

true

COT 1 (WPH) (25 decks)

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