6: Metabolism Flashcards
energy necessary for reactions to occur
activation energy
enzyme’s specific region to which the substrate binds
active site
inhibition by a binding event at a site different from the active site, which induces a conformational change and reduces the enzyme’s affinity for its substrate
allosteric inhibition
pathways that require an energy input to synthesize complex molecules from simpler ones (simple to complex)
anabolic
adenosine triphosphate, the cell’s energy currency
ATP
study of energy flowing through living
systems
bioenergetics
pathways in which complex molecules break down into simpler ones (complex to simple)
catabolic
potential energy in chemical bonds that releases when those bonds are broken
chemical energy
small organic molecule, such as a vitamin or its derivative, which is required to enhance an enzyme’s activity
coenzyme
inorganic ion, such as iron and magnesium ions, required for optimal enzyme activity regulation
cofactor
type of inhibition in which the inhibitor competes with the substrate molecule by binding to the enzyme’s active site
competitive inhibition
process that changes a subtance’s natural properties
denature
describes chemical reactions that require energy input
endergonic
a system’s total energy
enthalpy
measure of randomness or disorder within a system
entropy (S)
describes chemical reactions that release free energy
exergonic
a product’s effect of a reaction sequence to decrease its further production by inhibiting the first enzyme’s activity in the pathway that produces it
feedback inhibition
Gibbs free energy is the usable energy, or energy that is available to do work
free energy
energy transferred from one system to another that is not work (energy of the molecules’ motion or particles)
heat
total bond energy of reactants or products in a chemical reaction
heat energy
dynamic fit between the enzyme and its substrate, in which both components modify their structures to allow for ideal binding
induced fit
energy type that takes place with objects or particles in motion
kinetic energy
all the chemical reactions that take place inside cells, including anabolism and catabolism
metabolism
bond that connects phosphates in an ATP molecule
phosphoanhydride bond
energy type that has the potential to do work; stored energy
potential energy
molecule on which the enzyme acts
substrate
study of energy and energy transfer involving physical matter
thermodynamics
high-energy, unstable state (an intermediate form between the substrate and the product) occurring during a chemical reaction
transition state
the system’s total energy change subtracted by the amount of energy lost to entropy - measurement of change in free energy
delta G (∆G)
