14: DNA Structure and Function Flashcards

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1
Q

technique used to separate DNA fragments according to size

A

electrophoresis

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2
Q

during replication, this enzyme helps to open up the DNA helix by breaking the hydrogen bonds

A

helicase

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3
Q

mutation that results from exposure to chemicals or environmental agents

A

induced mutation

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4
Q

during replication, the strand that is replicated in short fragments and away from the replication fork

A

lagging strand

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5
Q

strand that is synthesized continuously in the 5’-3’ direction, which is synthesized in the direction of the replication fork

A

leading strand

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6
Q

enzyme that catalyzes the formation of a phosphodiester linkage between the 3’ OH and 5’ phosphate ends of the DNA

A

ligase

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7
Q

type of repair mechanism in which mismatched bases are removed after replication

A

mismatch repair

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8
Q

variation in the nucleotide sequence of a genome

A

mutation

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9
Q

type of DNA repair mechanism in which the wrong base, along with a few nucleotides upstream or downstream, are removed

A

nucleotide excision repair

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10
Q

DNA fragment that is synthesized in short stretches on the lagging strand

A

Okazaki fragment

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11
Q

mutation that affects a single base

A

point mutation

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12
Q

enzyme that synthesizes the RNA primer; the primer is needed for DNA pol to start synthesis of a new DNA strand

A

primase

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13
Q

short stretch of nucleotides that is required to initiate replication; in the case of replication, the primer

A

primer

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14
Q

function of DNA pol in which it reads the newly added base before adding the next one

A

proofreading

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15
Q

Y-shaped structure formed during initiation of replication

A

replication fork

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16
Q

mutation that is not expressed

A

silent mutation

17
Q

during replication, protein that binds to the single-stranded DNA; this helps in keeping the two strands of DNA apart so that they may serve as templates

A

single-strand binding protein

18
Q

ring-shaped protein that holds the DNA pol on the DNA strand

A

sliding clamp

19
Q

mutation that takes place in the cells as a result of chemical reactions taking place naturally without exposure to any external agent

A

spontaneous mutation

20
Q

enzyme that contains a catalytic part and an inbuilt RNA template; it functions to maintain telomeres at chromosome ends

A

telomerase

21
Q

DNA at the end of linear chromosomes

A

telomere

22
Q

enzyme that causes underwinding or overwinding of DNA when DNA replication is taking place

A

topoisomerase

23
Q

process in which external DNA is taken up by a cell

A

transformation

24
Q

when a purine is replaced with a purine or a pyrimidine is replaced with another pyrimidine

A

transition substitution

25
Q

when a purine is replaced by a pyrimidine or a pyrimidine is replaced by a purine

A

transversion substitution