12: Mendel's Experiments and Heredity Flashcards

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1
Q

gene variations that arise by mutation and exist at the same relative locations on homologous chromosomes

A

allele

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2
Q

any of the non-sex chromosomes

A

autosomes

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3
Q

hypothetical inheritance pattern in which parental traits are blended together in the offspring to produce an intermediate physical appearance

A

blending theory of inheritance

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4
Q

in a heterozygote, complete and simultaneous expression of both alleles for the same characteristic

A

codominance

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5
Q

inheritance pattern in which a character shows a range of trait values with small gradations rather than large gaps between them

A

continuous variation

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6
Q

result of a cross between two true-breeding parents that express different traits for two characteristics

A

dihybrid

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7
Q

inheritance pattern in which traits are distinct and are transmitted independently of one another

A

discontinuous variation

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8
Q

trait which confers the same physical appearance whether an individual has two copies of the trait or one copy of the dominant trait and one copy of the recessive trait

A

dominant

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9
Q

inheritance pattern in which an allele is lethal both in the homozygote and the heterozygote; this allele can only be transmitted if the lethality phenotype occurs after reproductive age

A

dominant lethal

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10
Q

antagonistic interaction between genes such that one gene masks or interferes with the expression of another

A

epistasis

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11
Q

first filial generation in a cross; the offspring of the parental generation

A

F1

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12
Q

second filial generation produced when F1 individuals are self-crossed or fertilized with each other

A

F2

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13
Q

underlying genetic makeup, consisting of both physically visible and non-expressed alleles, of an organism

A

genotype

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14
Q

presence of only one allele for a characteristic, as in X-linkage; hemizygosity makes descriptions of dominance and recessiveness irrelevant

A

hemizygous

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15
Q

having two different alleles for a given gene on the homologous chromosome

A

heterozygous

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16
Q

having two identical alleles for a given gene on the homologous chromosome

A

homozygous

17
Q

process of mating two individuals that differ
with the goal of achieving a certain characteristic in their offspring

A

hybridization

18
Q

in a heterozygote, expression of two contrasting alleles such that the individual displays an intermediate phenotype

A

incomplete dominance

19
Q

in a heterozygote, one trait will conceal the presence of another trait for the same characteristic

A

law of dominance

20
Q

genes do not influence each other with regard to sorting of alleles into gametes; every possible combination of alleles is equally likely to occur

A

law of independent assortment

21
Q

paired unit factors (i.e., genes) segregate equally into gametes such that offspring have an equal likelihood of inheriting any combination of factors

A

law of segregation

22
Q

phenomenon in which alleles that are located in close proximity to each other on the same chromosome are more likely to be inherited together

A

linkage

23
Q

species or biological system used to study a specific biological phenomenon to be applied to other different species

A

model system

24
Q

result of a cross between two true-breeding parents that express different traits for only one characteristic

A

monohybrid

25
Q

parental generation in a cross

A

P0

26
Q

observable traits expressed by an organism

A

phenotype

27
Q

probability of two independent events
occurring simultaneously can be calculated by multiplying the individual probabilities of each event occurring alone

A

product rule

28
Q

visual representation of a cross between two individuals in which the gametes of each individual are denoted along the top and side of a grid, respectively, and the possible zygotic genotypes are recombined at each box in the grid

A

Punnett square

29
Q

trait that appears “latent” or non-expressed when the individual also carries a dominant trait for that same characteristic; when present as two identical copies, the recessive trait is expressed

A

recessive

30
Q

inheritance pattern in which an allele is only lethal in the homozygous form; the heterozygote may be normal or have some altered, nonlethal phenotype

A

recessive lethal

31
Q

paired cross in which the respective traits of the male and female in one cross become the respective traits of the female and male in the other cross

A

reciprocal cross

32
Q

any gene on a sex chromosome

A

sex-linked

33
Q

probability of the occurrence of at least one of two mutually exclusive events is the sum of their individual probabilities

A

sum rule

34
Q

cross between a dominant expressing individual with an unknown genotype and a homozygous recessive individual; the offspring phenotypes indicate whether the unknown parent is heterozygous or homozygous for the dominant trait

A

test cross

35
Q

variation in the physical appearance of a heritable characteristic

A

trait

36
Q

gene present on the X, but not the Y chromosome

A

X-linked