10: Cell Reproduction

Question 1

stage of mitosis during which sister chromatids are separated from each other

Answer 1

anaphase

Question 2

prokaryotic cell division process

Answer 2

binary fission

Question 3

ordered series of events involving cell growth and cell division that produces two new daughter cells

Answer 3

cell cycle

Question 4

structure formed during plant cell cytokinesis by Golgi vesicles, forming a temporary structure (phragmoplast) and fusing at the metaphase plate; ultimately leads to the formation of cell walls that separate the two daughter cells

Answer 4

cell plate

Question 5

mechanism that monitors the preparedness of a eukaryotic cell to advance through the various cell-cycle stages

Answer 5

cell-cycle checkpoint

Question 6

rod-like structure constructed of microtubules at the center of each animal cell centrosome

Answer 6

centriole

Question 7

region at which sister chromatids are bound together; a constricted area in condensed chromosomes

Answer 7

centromere

Question 8

single DNA molecule of two strands of duplicated DNA and associated proteins held together at the centromere

Answer 8

chromatid

Question 9

constriction formed by an actin ring during cytokinesis in animal cells that leads to cytoplasmic division

Answer 9

cleavage furrow

Question 10

proteins that help sister chromatids coil during prophase

Answer 10

condensin

Question 11

one of a group of proteins that act in conjunction with CDKs to help regulate the cell cycle by phosphorylating key proteins - fluctuate throughout the cell cycle

Answer 11

cyclin

Question 12

one of a group of protein kinases that helps to regulate the cell cycle when bound to cyclin; it functions to phosphorylate other proteins that are either activated or inactivated by phosphorylation

Answer 12

cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk)

Question 13

division of the cytoplasm following mitosis that forms two daughter cells

Answer 13

cytokinesis

Question 14

cell, nucleus, or organism containing two sets of chromosomes (2n)

Answer 14

diploid

Question 15

tubulin-like protein component of the prokaryotic cytoskeleton that is important in prokaryotic cytokinesis (name origin: Filamenting temperature-sensitive mutant Z)

Answer 15

FtsZ

Question 16

distinct from the G1 phase of interphase; a cell in G0 is not preparing to divide

Answer 16

G0 phase

Question 17

(also, first gap) first phase of interphase centered on cell growth during mitosis

Answer 17

G1 phase

Question 18

(also, second gap) third phase of interphase during which the cell undergoes final preparations for mitosis

Answer 18

G2 phase

Question 19

haploid reproductive cell or sex cell (sperm, pollen grain, or egg)

Answer 19

gamete

Question 20

physical and functional unit of heredity, a sequence of DNA that codes for a protein

Answer 20

gene

Question 21

total genetic information of a cell or organism

Answer 21

genome

Question 22

cell, nucleus, or organism containing one set of chromosomes (n)

Answer 22

haploid

Question 23

one of several similar, highly conserved, low
molecular weight, basic proteins found in the chromatin of all eukaryotic cells; associates with DNA to form nucleosomes

Answer 23

histone

Question 24

chromosomes of the same morphology with genes in the same location; diploid organisms have pairs of homologous chromosomes (homologs), with each homolog derived from a different parent

Answer 24

homologous chromosomes

Question 25

period of the cell cycle leading up to mitosis; includes G1, S, and G2 phases (the interim period between two consecutive cell divisions)

Answer 25

interphase

Question 26

mitotic nuclear division

Answer 26

karyokinesis

Question 27

protein structure associated with the centromere of each sister chromatid that attracts and binds spindle microtubules during prometaphase

Answer 27

kinetochore

Question 28

position of a gene on a chromosome

Answer 28

locus

Question 29

stage of mitosis during which chromosomes are aligned at the metaphase plate

Answer 29

metaphase

Question 30

equatorial plane midway between the two poles of a cell where the chromosomes align during metaphase

Answer 30

metaphase plate

Question 31

(also, karyokinesis) period of the cell cycle during which the duplicated chromosomes are separated into identical nuclei; includes prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase

Answer 31

mitosis

Question 32

period of the cell cycle during which duplicated chromosomes are distributed into two nuclei and cytoplasmic contents are divided; includes karyokinesis (mitosis) and cytokinesis

Answer 32

mitotic phase

Question 33

apparatus composed of microtubules that orchestrates the movement of chromosomes during mitosis

Answer 33

mitotic spindle

Question 34

subunit of chromatin composed of a short length of DNA wrapped around a core of histone proteins

Answer 34

nucleosome

Question 35

mutated version of a normal gene involved in the positive regulation of the cell cycle

Answer 35

oncogene

Question 36

(also, ORI) region of the prokaryotic chromosome where replication begins (origin of replication)

Answer 36

origin

Question 37

cell-cycle regulatory protein that inhibits the cell cycle; its levels are controlled by p53

Answer 37

p21

Question 38

cell-cycle regulatory protein that regulates cell growth and monitors DNA damage; it halts the progression of the cell cycle in cases of DNA damage and may induce apoptosis

Answer 38

p53

Question 39

stage of mitosis during which the nuclear membrane breaks down and mitotic spindle fibers attach to kinetochores

Answer 39

prometaphase

Question 40

stage of mitosis during which chromosomes condense and the mitotic spindle begins to form

Answer 40

prophase

Question 41

normal gene that when mutated becomes an oncogene

Answer 41

proto-oncogene

Question 42

refers to a cell that is performing normal cell functions and has not initiated preparations for cell division

Answer 42

quiescent

Question 43

regulatory molecule that exhibits negative effects on the cell cycle by interacting with a transcription factor (E2F)

Answer 43

retinoblastoma protein (Rb)

Question 44

second, or synthesis, stage of interphase during which DNA replication occurs

Answer 44

S phase

Question 45

structure formed in a bacterial cell as a precursor to the separation of the cell into two daughter cells

Answer 45

septum

Question 46

stage of mitosis during which chromosomes arrive at opposite poles, decondense, and are surrounded by a new nuclear envelope

Answer 46

telophase

Question 47

segment of DNA that codes for regulator proteins that prevent the cell from undergoing uncontrolled division

Answer 47

tumor suppressor gene