10: Cell Reproduction Flashcards
stage of mitosis during which sister chromatids are separated from each other
anaphase
prokaryotic cell division process
binary fission
ordered series of events involving cell growth and cell division that produces two new daughter cells
cell cycle
structure formed during plant cell cytokinesis by Golgi vesicles, forming a temporary structure (phragmoplast) and fusing at the metaphase plate; ultimately leads to the formation of cell walls that separate the two daughter cells
cell plate
mechanism that monitors the preparedness of a eukaryotic cell to advance through the various cell-cycle stages
cell-cycle checkpoint
rod-like structure constructed of microtubules at the center of each animal cell centrosome
centriole
region at which sister chromatids are bound together; a constricted area in condensed chromosomes
centromere
single DNA molecule of two strands of duplicated DNA and associated proteins held together at the centromere
chromatid
constriction formed by an actin ring during cytokinesis in animal cells that leads to cytoplasmic division
cleavage furrow
proteins that help sister chromatids coil during prophase
condensin
one of a group of proteins that act in conjunction with CDKs to help regulate the cell cycle by phosphorylating key proteins - fluctuate throughout the cell cycle
cyclin
one of a group of protein kinases that helps to regulate the cell cycle when bound to cyclin; it functions to phosphorylate other proteins that are either activated or inactivated by phosphorylation
cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk)
division of the cytoplasm following mitosis that forms two daughter cells
cytokinesis
cell, nucleus, or organism containing two sets of chromosomes (2n)
diploid
tubulin-like protein component of the prokaryotic cytoskeleton that is important in prokaryotic cytokinesis (name origin: Filamenting temperature-sensitive mutant Z)
FtsZ
distinct from the G1 phase of interphase; a cell in G0 is not preparing to divide
G0 phase
(also, first gap) first phase of interphase centered on cell growth during mitosis
G1 phase
(also, second gap) third phase of interphase during which the cell undergoes final preparations for mitosis
G2 phase
haploid reproductive cell or sex cell (sperm, pollen grain, or egg)
gamete
physical and functional unit of heredity, a sequence of DNA that codes for a protein
gene
total genetic information of a cell or organism
genome
cell, nucleus, or organism containing one set of chromosomes (n)
haploid
one of several similar, highly conserved, low
molecular weight, basic proteins found in the chromatin of all eukaryotic cells; associates with DNA to form nucleosomes
histone
chromosomes of the same morphology with genes in the same location; diploid organisms have pairs of homologous chromosomes (homologs), with each homolog derived from a different parent
homologous chromosomes
period of the cell cycle leading up to mitosis; includes G1, S, and G2 phases (the interim period between two consecutive cell divisions)
interphase
mitotic nuclear division
karyokinesis
protein structure associated with the centromere of each sister chromatid that attracts and binds spindle microtubules during prometaphase
kinetochore
position of a gene on a chromosome
locus
stage of mitosis during which chromosomes
are aligned at the metaphase plate
metaphase
equatorial plane midway between the two poles of a cell where the chromosomes align during metaphase
metaphase plate
(also, karyokinesis) period of the cell cycle during which the duplicated chromosomes are separated into identical nuclei; includes prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase
mitosis
period of the cell cycle during which duplicated chromosomes are distributed into two nuclei and cytoplasmic contents are divided; includes karyokinesis (mitosis) and cytokinesis
mitotic phase
apparatus composed of microtubules that orchestrates the movement of chromosomes during mitosis
mitotic spindle
subunit of chromatin composed of a short length of DNA wrapped around a core of histone proteins
nucleosome
mutated version of a normal gene involved in the positive regulation of the cell cycle
oncogene
(also, ORI) region of the prokaryotic chromosome where replication begins (origin of replication)
origin
cell-cycle regulatory protein that inhibits the cell cycle; its levels are controlled by p53
p21
cell-cycle regulatory protein that regulates cell growth and monitors DNA damage; it halts the progression of the cell cycle in cases of DNA damage and may induce apoptosis
p53
stage of mitosis during which the nuclear membrane breaks down and mitotic spindle fibers attach to kinetochores
prometaphase
stage of mitosis during which chromosomes condense and the mitotic spindle begins to form
prophase
normal gene that when mutated becomes
an oncogene
proto-oncogene
refers to a cell that is performing normal cell functions and has not initiated preparations for cell division
quiescent
regulatory molecule that exhibits negative effects on the cell cycle by interacting with a transcription factor (E2F)
retinoblastoma protein (Rb)
second, or synthesis, stage of interphase during which DNA replication occurs
S phase
structure formed in a bacterial cell as a precursor to the separation of the cell into two daughter cells
septum
stage of mitosis during which chromosomes arrive at opposite poles, decondense, and are surrounded by a new nuclear envelope
telophase
segment of DNA that codes for regulator proteins that prevent the cell from undergoing uncontrolled division
tumor suppressor gene
