6 - Determinants Flashcards
What is a top down goal? (Determinants Cognitive)
Choosing what we pay attention to e.g. looking for a taxi
What is a bottom up goal? (Determinants Cognitive)
Attention drifting onto something else e.g. looking at colourful signs while looking for a taxi
What are the characteristics of a top down goal? (Determinants Cognitive)
- Goal driven
- Endogenous
- Attentional control
- Executive functions
What are the characteristics of a bottom up goal? (Determinants Cognitive)
- Stimulus driven
- Exogenous
- Involuntary attention
- Reflexive attention
Who devised biased competition theory? (Determinants Cognitive)
Desimone and Duncan 1995
What is biased competition theory? (Determinants Cognitive)
Top down control mechanisms and bottom up sensory driven mechanisms compete to produce and output to response/memory systems
What two characteristics are attributed with biased competition theory? (Determinants Cognitive)
- Attentional capture
- Abrupt onset
What is attentional capture? (Determinants Cognitive)
Involuntary action that takes your attention somewhere else
What is abrupt onset? (Determinants Cognitive)
Something that suddenly appears e.g. movement of a stimulus
What are salient colour singletons? (Determinants Cognitive)
The odd one out of a set of stimuli
What is meant by salient? (Determinants Cognitive)
How much does the surrounding stimuli differ from the stimuli in question
What is meant by singleton? (Determinants Cognitive)
Something that is different from all around it
What did Theeuwes (1992) find in regards to the singleton attentional capture task? (Determinants Cognitive)
- Colour increases reaction time in finding the singletons
- Attention cannot be top down because it is not only focused on shapes
What is the stimulus driven selection model? (Determinants Cognitive)
- Sweep across the field (bottom up) to calculate local salience
- Attention then goes to the place of highest salience
- Judge what we want to pay attention to
- Shift salience if needs be
What does stimulus drive selection only take place in? (Determinants Cognitive)
Attentional window
What did Folk and Remington (1992) state about contingent capture? (Determinants Cognitive)
- Capture is not stimulus driven
- Attention can only be captured by a stimulus that is relevant to our goals
- Involuntary attention may be a side effect of our goals
What did Yantis et al state about abrupt onset? (Determinants Cognitive)
Only abrupt onset can produce stimulus driven capture
What did Franconeri & Simons (2003) find in relation to abrupt onset? (Determinants Cognitive)
- Moving stimuli also capture attention
- Stimuli that move towards you capture attention
- Stimuli that move away from you do not capture attention
What did Gibson and Kelsey (1998) find in relation to display wide settings? (Determinants Cognitive)
- P’s will sit at a computer and react to a stimulus even though they have not been instructed to do so
What does a display wide setting suggest? (Determinants Cognitive)
- Humans anticipate change
- Creates an attentional setting for something to happen
What do mainstream models of attention not account for? (Determinants Cognitive)
The meaning of objects having the ability to capture our attention
