5 - Selection Flashcards
What is early selection? (Selection Cognitive)
The filtering out of irrelevant information at an early stage, before understanding the meaning
What is late selection? (Selection Cognitive)
All signals reaching the meaning level, from there the information is filtered
What are the names of the early selection models? (Selection Cognitive)
- Cocktail party effect
- Dichotic listening task
- Broadbent filter theory
- Treisman attenuation model
What is the cocktail party effect? (Selection Cognitive)
- Cherry 1953
- You are able to focus on the conversation only, despite other noise in the room
- When you hear stimuli, such as your name, you are able to pick up on it
What is the dichotic listening task? (Selection Cognitive)
Ignoring input into one ear and speaking the input from the other ear
What was found with the dichotic listening task? (Selection Cognitive)
- No difficulty in completion
- On surprise question on the unattended ear, P’s could report physic characteristics about the voice
- Content, reverse speech or type of language of the unattended ear was not detected
What is Broadbent’s filter theory (1958)? (Selection Cognitive)
- Early selection model
- Filtering occurs before incoming stimuli are analysed to the semantic level
- Surface features analysed, but meaning is not
What are the model stages behind filter theory? (Selection Cognitive)
- Message
- Sensory store
- Filter (attended message)
- Detector
- Memory
What is the function of the sensory store? (Selection Cognitive)
Holds information for a short period of time
What is the function of the filter? (Selection Cognitive)
Analyses messages based on physical characteristics e.g. tone of voice
What is the function of the detector? (Selection Cognitive)
Information is processed to determine understanding
What is the function of short term memory? (Selection Cognitive)
Holds information for general processing
What issue did Moray (1959) find in regards to early selection? (Selection Cognitive)
P’s heard their name in the unattended ear during dichotic listening
What issue did Triesman (1960) find in regards to early selection? (Selection Cognitive)
Bilinguals influenced by the unattended ear if it was in L₂
Why did Triesman create the attenuation model and what was it? (Selection Cognitive)
- Attempted to overcome conflicting evidence
- Unattended messages are attenuated rather than completely lost
- Words need to meet a certain threshold of signal in order to be detected
What are the models behind late selection? (Selection Cognitive)
- Mackay (1973)
- Response competition task
- Negative priming
What did Mackay (1973) find in regards to late selection? (Selection Cognitive)
- Ambiguous statement in attended ear
- Bias word in unattended ear
- When asked questions, they tended to use the bias word in the ambiguous statement
What is the response competition task? (Selection Cognitive)
Incongruent distractors in an irrelevant location slows reaction times, meaning the distractor has been identified
What is negative priming? (Selection Cognitive)
P’s were asked to ignore something and then respond to the same stimuli, processing slows down
Who devised load theory? (Selection Cognitive)
Lavie (1994)
What did load theory suggest? (Selection Cognitive)
- Both early and late selection are possible
- Depends on the availability of perceptual capacity
- Perceptual capacity is limited
How does load theory explain early selection? (Selection Cognitive)
Tasks with high perceptual load will exhaust capacity, everything else will be ignored
How does load theory explain late selection? (Selection Cognitive)
Tasks with low perceptual load leaves space in capacity, so irrelevant distractors are processed
What did Simon and Chabris (1999) find? (Selection Cognitive)
- Inattention blindness
- Psychological lack of attention
- Gorilla advert
