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2 - Cognitive > 5 - Selection > Flashcards

5 - Selection Flashcards

1
Q

What is early selection? (Selection Cognitive)

A

The filtering out of irrelevant information at an early stage, before understanding the meaning

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2
Q

What is late selection? (Selection Cognitive)

A

All signals reaching the meaning level, from there the information is filtered

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3
Q

What are the names of the early selection models? (Selection Cognitive)

A
  • Cocktail party effect
  • Dichotic listening task
  • Broadbent filter theory
  • Treisman attenuation model
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4
Q

What is the cocktail party effect? (Selection Cognitive)

A
  • Cherry 1953
  • You are able to focus on the conversation only, despite other noise in the room
  • When you hear stimuli, such as your name, you are able to pick up on it
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5
Q

What is the dichotic listening task? (Selection Cognitive)

A

Ignoring input into one ear and speaking the input from the other ear

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6
Q

What was found with the dichotic listening task? (Selection Cognitive)

A
  • No difficulty in completion
  • On surprise question on the unattended ear, P’s could report physic characteristics about the voice
  • Content, reverse speech or type of language of the unattended ear was not detected
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7
Q

What is Broadbent’s filter theory (1958)? (Selection Cognitive)

A
  • Early selection model
  • Filtering occurs before incoming stimuli are analysed to the semantic level
  • Surface features analysed, but meaning is not
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8
Q

What are the model stages behind filter theory? (Selection Cognitive)

A
  • Message
  • Sensory store
  • Filter (attended message)
  • Detector
  • Memory
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9
Q

What is the function of the sensory store? (Selection Cognitive)

A

Holds information for a short period of time

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10
Q

What is the function of the filter? (Selection Cognitive)

A

Analyses messages based on physical characteristics e.g. tone of voice

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11
Q

What is the function of the detector? (Selection Cognitive)

A

Information is processed to determine understanding

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12
Q

What is the function of short term memory? (Selection Cognitive)

A

Holds information for general processing

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13
Q

What issue did Moray (1959) find in regards to early selection? (Selection Cognitive)

A

P’s heard their name in the unattended ear during dichotic listening

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14
Q

What issue did Triesman (1960) find in regards to early selection? (Selection Cognitive)

A

Bilinguals influenced by the unattended ear if it was in L₂

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15
Q

Why did Triesman create the attenuation model and what was it? (Selection Cognitive)

A
  • Attempted to overcome conflicting evidence
  • Unattended messages are attenuated rather than completely lost
  • Words need to meet a certain threshold of signal in order to be detected
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16
Q

What are the models behind late selection? (Selection Cognitive)

A
  • Mackay (1973)
  • Response competition task
  • Negative priming
17
Q

What did Mackay (1973) find in regards to late selection? (Selection Cognitive)

A
  • Ambiguous statement in attended ear
  • Bias word in unattended ear
  • When asked questions, they tended to use the bias word in the ambiguous statement
18
Q

What is the response competition task? (Selection Cognitive)

A

Incongruent distractors in an irrelevant location slows reaction times, meaning the distractor has been identified

19
Q

What is negative priming? (Selection Cognitive)

A

P’s were asked to ignore something and then respond to the same stimuli, processing slows down

20
Q

Who devised load theory? (Selection Cognitive)

A

Lavie (1994)

21
Q

What did load theory suggest? (Selection Cognitive)

A
  • Both early and late selection are possible
  • Depends on the availability of perceptual capacity
  • Perceptual capacity is limited
22
Q

How does load theory explain early selection? (Selection Cognitive)

A

Tasks with high perceptual load will exhaust capacity, everything else will be ignored

23
Q

How does load theory explain late selection? (Selection Cognitive)

A

Tasks with low perceptual load leaves space in capacity, so irrelevant distractors are processed

24
Q

What did Simon and Chabris (1999) find? (Selection Cognitive)

A
  • Inattention blindness
  • Psychological lack of attention
  • Gorilla advert

2 - Cognitive (23 decks)

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