13 - Speech Flashcards
How do humans produce a voice signal? (Speech Cognition)
- Compress our chest
- Air is forced out of the lungs in to the bronchi
- Travels through the larynx
- Sound signal generated
What happens after the voice signal is produced? (Speech Cognition)
Sound signal goes through the supralaryngeal voice tract
What is the supralaryngeal vocal tract comprised of? (Speech Cognition)
- A set of three cavities
1) The pharynx
2) The mouth
3) The nasal cavity
What are the two main components of the vocal apparatus? (Speech Cognition)
- Source
- Filter
What is the two stage process of voice production? (Speech Cognition)
- Period wave generated in the larynx by vibrations of the vocal folds
- Rate of vibrations determine frequency of signals
- Frequency of signals determine pitch
- Filtered through supralaryngeal cavities of vocal tract
What is the source? (Speech Cognition)
The larynx
What are typical vocal sounds composed of? (Speech Cognition)
Several sinusoidal waves
What is pitch determined by? (Speech Cognition)
Fundamental frequency
What are the characteristics of sexual dimorphism? (Speech Cognition)
- Males have longer vocal folds than women
- Pre-pubertal children have no differences in gender (vocal fold and length)
- Puberty moves the larynx in males
What is the filter? (Speech Cognition)
The vocal tract
What allows adults to create configurations to modulate resonates? (Speech Cognition)
Two tube vocal tract
What provide acoustic variation in human speech? (Speech Cognition)
Formants
What is the difference in vocal tract between sexes? (Speech Cognition)
Males have a longer vocal tract, leading to lower formants
What do humans change in speech, to change the position of the format frequency? (Speech Cognition)
The articulator
What is speech? (Speech Cognition)
A series of syllables
What is a syllable? (Speech Cognition)
Consonants and vowels
What are vowels? (Speech Cognition)
Speech sounds characterised by an open configuration of the vocal tract
What are consonants? (Speech Cognition)
Speech sounds characterised by a constriction at one or more points along the vocal tract
What does the ear do? (Speech Cognition)
Analyses sound, detecting formant frequencies by the different amounts of excitation at different points along the basilar membrane
What are consonants defined by? (Speech Cognition)
Place or manner of articulation
What is coarticulation? (Speech Cognition)
The b/ae/g are squashed together into a syllable sized unit of beag
