10 - Encoding Flashcards
What is encoding? (Encoding Cognitive)
Input to memory, the transformation of sensory information into memory representation
What is storage? (Encoding Cognitive)
Maintenance of long term representation of memories
What is consolidation? (Encoding Cognitive)
Neural changes that occur after encoding to create a memory trace
What is a memory trace? (Encoding Cognitive)
Changes in our brain that represent an experience
What is retrieval? (Encoding Cognitive)
Output of memory, processing and reactivating a memory trace, bringing it to an active state
What are the levels of processing? (Encoding Cognitive)
- How well an item is remembered it related to rehearsal, but retrieval in the depth of processing
- Processed operation both modify and leave a memory trace
What did Craik & Tulving (1975) find when looking at evidence for levels of processing? (Encoding Cognitive)
Recognition was better for words that were studies with semantic processing, oppose to phonetic or structural processing
What are the issues associated with Craik & Tulving (1975) conclusions? (Encoding Cognitive)
- Descriptive not explanatory
- Focuses on processing rather than retrieval
What is transfer appropriate processing? (Encoding Cognitive)
- An alternative view on encoding, processing is goal directed
- Memory performance is better if the type of processing during encoding is the same as retrieval
What did Morris et al (1977) find in relation to transfer appropriate processing? (Encoding Cognitive)
- A cross over interaction
- Words semantically encoded were better recognised when tested in a standard condition, rather than a rhyming condition
What did Tulving and Thomsen (1973) find in relation to encoding specificity? (Encoding Cognitive)
- Effective retrieval cues were determined by the encoding operations performed on a stimulus
- Information is stored in memory within the context it was learnt
What did Godden and Baddeley (1975) find in relation to context dependent memory? (Encoding Cognitive)
- Words studied on land had better recall if tested on land
- Words studied in the sea had a better recall if tested in the sea
What did Mantyla (1986) find in relation to self generated cues? (Encoding Cognitive)
- Upon recall, P’s who were shown their own clues had near perfect recall (90%)
- Self generated cues may better match the encoded context
What is elaboration? (Encoding Cognitive)
- Assigning meaningful information to something you are trying to remember
- Organisational strategy and self generated cues are both types of elaborative coding
What did Litman & Davachi (2008) find? (Encoding Cognitive)
- Memory is better when it is spread over time
- Disrupted learning strengthens memory
