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A Level Biology > 5.6 Aerobic Respiration > Flashcards

5.6 Aerobic Respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

Where does glycolysis occur?

A

In the cytoplasm

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2
Q

(Glycolysis) 1. Two ATP release two phosphates which attach to what?

A

Glucose

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3
Q

(Glycolysis) 1. what is the process by which the two phosphate attach to glucose?

A

Phosphorylation

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4
Q

(Glycolysis) 1. When the 2 phosphates attach to glucose what molecule is formed?

A

Hexose bisphosphate

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5
Q

(Glycolysis) 2. what does the addition of phosphates do to the glucose?

A

Destabilise it

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6
Q

(Glycolysis) 2. The unstable hexose bisphosphate splits into what?

A

2 triose phosphates

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7
Q

(Glycolysis) 2. What is the process by which the hexose phosphate splits into triose phosphates?

A

Lysis

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8
Q

(Glycolysis) 3. Which process occurs again?

A

Phosphorylation

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9
Q

(Glycolysis) 3. Inorganic phosphate is added to each triose phosphate forming what?

A

2 triose bisphosphate molecules

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10
Q

(Glycolysis) 3. Where do the inorganic phosphates come from?

A

They’re free floating in the cytoplasm

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11
Q

(Glycolysis) 4. The triose bisphosphates are oxidised by the removal of what?

A

Hydrogen

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12
Q

(Glycolysis) 4. What is the process by which hydrogen is removed?

A

Dehydrogenation

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13
Q

(Glycolysis) 4. Dehydrogenation of triose bisphosphates form what?

A

2 pyruvate

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14
Q

(Glycolysis) 4. What accept the removed hydrogenated and what is formed?

A

NAD forming reduced NAD

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15
Q

(Glycolysis) 4. Four phosphates are released forming what?

A

4 ATP

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16
Q

In glycolysis what is the net ATP and why?

A

2 ATP

2 ATP are used, 4 are produced

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17
Q

(Glycolysis) what is substrate level phosphorylation?

A

The formation of ATP without the electron transport chain

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18
Q

(Glycolysis) what is done with the reduced NAD?

A

It is used later to synthesise ATP

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19
Q

What is the link reaction otherwise known as?

A

Oxidative decarboxylation

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20
Q

(Link reaction) where does the link reaction occur?

A

The matrix

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21
Q

(Link reaction) why does the link reaction occur in the matrix?

A

Glucose too large to leave the nucleus
Compartmentalisation
Mitochondria not originally in eukaryotic cells

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22
Q

(Link reaction) 1. Co2 is removed from the pyruvate what is the process called?

A

Decarboxylation

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23
Q

(Link reaction) 2. Hydrogen is removed from the pyruvate what is this process?

A

Oxidation

24
Q

(Link reaction) 2. what is the hydrogen accepted by?

A

NAD forming reduced NAD which is used in oxidative phosphorylation to synthesise ATP

25
Q

(Link reaction) 3. the removal of CO2 and H converts pyruvate into what?

A

acetyl group

26
Q

(Link reaction) 3. what does the acetyl group combine with?

A

coenzyme A

27
Q

(Link reaction) 4. what does acetylcoenzyme A do?

A

delivers acetyl group to krebs cycle

28
Q

(krebs cycle) where does the krebs cycle occur?

A

matrix of the mitochondria

29
Q

(krebs cycle) how many turns are needed to oxidise one glucose molecule?

A

2

30
Q

(krebs cycle) what does 2 turns of the krebs cycle yield?

A

4 CO2
2 ATP
6 NADH
2 FADH2

31
Q

(krebs cycle) what delivers the acetyl group?

A

acetylcoenzyme A

32
Q

(krebs cycle) the 2 carbon acetyl group combines with what?

A

4 carbon oxaloacetate

33
Q

(krebs cycle) the 2c acetyl group and 4c oxaloacetate to form what?

A

6 carbon citrate

34
Q

(krebs cycle) citrate undergoes which two processes regenerating oxaloacetate?

A

decarboxylation

dehydrogenation

35
Q

(krebs cycle) the dehydrogenation forms what?

A

3 reduced NADH

1 reduced FADH2

36
Q

(krebs cycle) one ATP is produced by what process?

A

substrate level phosphorylation

37
Q

(electron transport chain) is also known as what?

A

oxidative phosphorylation

chemiosmosis

38
Q

(electron transport chain) 1. the hydrogen from reduced NAD dissociates into what?

A

Hydrogen and electron

39
Q

(electron transport chain) when are high energy electrons released?

A

when chemical bonds are broken

40
Q

(electron transport chain) 2. where do electrons pass?

A

carrier to carrier at progressively lower energy levels

41
Q

(electron transport chain) 3. energy is released in what type of reactions?

A

redox reactions

42
Q

(electron transport chain) 4. the energy released from redox reactions is used to do what?

A

pump protons from the matrix to the space between the inner and outer membrane

43
Q

(electron transport chain) 5. the proton concentration in the area between the inner and outer membrane increases establishing what?

A

proton gradient

44
Q

(electron transport chain) 6. protons diffuse down the concentration gradient to the matrix via what?

A

protein channels

45
Q

(electron transport chain) 7. protein channels have ATP synthase, what do the protons do?

A

provide energy to phosphorylate ADP to ATP

46
Q

(electron transport chain) 8. what acts as the final electron acceptor and what is formed?

A

O2 is final acceptor

O2 + H + e = H2O

47
Q

what do coenzymes do?

A

transfer protons, electrons and functional groups between reactions

48
Q

what would happen without coenzymes?

A

many respiratory enzymes wouldn’t function, redox reactions wouldn’t occur, little ATP made

49
Q

what does NAD take part in?

A

all stages of respiration

50
Q

how many hydrogens does NAD accept?

A

1

51
Q

when is NAD oxidised?

A

start of electron transport chain

52
Q

how many ATP does NAD synthesise?

A

3

53
Q

what does FAD take part in?

A

krebs cycle

54
Q

how many hydrogens does FAD accept?

A

2

55
Q

when is FAD oxidised?

A

later in the electron transport chain

56
Q

how many ATP does FAD synthesise?

A

2

A Level Biology (102 decks)

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