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A Level Biology > 5.2 hormonal communication & glands > Flashcards

5.2 hormonal communication & glands Flashcards

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1
Q

what is an endocrine gland?

A

a group of cells secreting hormones directly into the blood stream

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2
Q

give examples of some endocrine glands:

A 
pituitary gland
thyroid gland
adrenal gland
testis
pineal gland
thymus
pancreas
ovary
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3
Q

what does the pituitary gland do?

A

produces growth hormones

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4
Q

the pituitary gland releases the antidiuretic hormone what does this increase?

A

reabsorption of water in the kidneys

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5
Q

the pituitary gland also releases gondotrophins what do these control the development of?

A

ovaries and testes

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6
Q

what does the thyroid gland produce?

A

thyroxine

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7
Q

(thyroid gland) what does thyroxine do?

A

controls metabolism rate and the rate glucose is used up in respiration, promotes growth

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8
Q

what does the adrenal gland produce?

A

adrenaline

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9
Q

what does adrenaline (produced by the adrenal gland) do?

A

increases heart rate, breathing rate and blood sugar levels

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10
Q

what do testes produce?

A

testosterone

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11
Q

what does testosterone (produced by the testis) do?

A

control sperm production and secondary sexual characteristics

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12
Q

what does the pineal gland produce?

A

melatonin

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13
Q

what does melatonin (produced by the pineal gland) do?

A

affects reproductive development and daily cycles

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14
Q

what does the thymus produce?

A

thymosin

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15
Q

what does thymosin (produced by the thymus) do?

A

promotes production and maturation of white blood cells

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16
Q

what does the pancreas produce?

A

insulin and glucagon

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17
Q

what does insulin (produced by the pancreas) do?

A

converts excess glucose to glycogen in liver

18
Q

what does glucagon (produced by the pancreas) do?

A

converts glycogen back to glucose in the liver

19
Q

what does the ovary produce?

A

oestrogen and progesterone

20
Q

what does oestrogen (produced by the ovary) do?

A

controls ovulation and secondary sexual characteristics

21
Q

what does oestrogen and progesterone (produced by the ovary) do?

A

prepares uterus lining for receiving an embryo

22
Q

what is an exocrine gland?

A

a group of cells secreting chemicals through ducts into organs or the surface of the body

23
Q

give an example of where exocrine glands are found:

A

in the digestive system

24
Q

what are hormones?

A

chemical messengers carrying information from one part of the body to another

25
Q

what can hormones be?

A 
steroids
proteins
glycoproteins
polypeptides
amines
tyrosine derivatives
26
Q

what are tyrosine derivatives?

A

thyroid hormones and chatecholamines

27
Q

what are chatecholamines?

A

stress hormones released by the adrenal medulla important in the fight or flight response

28
Q

when a gland is stimulated what happens to hormones?

A

secreted directly into blood stream

29
Q

what change stimulates a gland?

A

change in substrate conc.

e.g. insulin released in response to blood glucose conc

30
Q

hormones can also be released due to the action of what?

A

another hormone or nerve impulse

31
Q

once secreted what do hormones travel in?

A

blood plasma

32
Q

when hormones diffuse out the blood what do they bind to?

A

specific receptors on the membrane or cytoplasm of target cells

33
Q

once bound to receptors what do hormones stimulate?

A

target cells to produce a response?

34
Q

why can STEROID hormones pass through the cell membrane?

A

lipid soluble

35
Q

where could receptors for STEROID hormones be?

A

in the cytoplasm or nucleus

36
Q

what complex do STEROID hormones and receptors form?

A

hormone receptor complex

37
Q

what does the hormone receptor complex facilitate or inhibit? (STEROID)

A

transcription of a specific gene

38
Q

why can’t non steroid hormones pass through membrane?

A

not lipid soluble

39
Q

where are the receptors for non steroid hormones found?

A

cell surface membrane

40
Q

when non steroid hormones bind to receptors what do they trigger a cascade of and by what chemicals?

A

events by second messengers

A Level Biology (102 decks)

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