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A Level Biology > 2.1 Eukaryotic cells > Flashcards

2.1 Eukaryotic cells Flashcards

1
Q

Where are eukaryotic cells found?

A

In animal and plant cells

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2
Q

Where are prokaryotic cells found?

A

In single celled organisms, such as bacteria

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3
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

It contains the DNA and instructs the rest of the cell (organelles)

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4
Q

What is ultra structure?

A

It is the internal structure of a cell, can be seen under an electron microscope

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5
Q

What do all organelles in a eukaryotic cell have and why?

A

A membrane which protects the organelle and controls the conditions within it (input and output)

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6
Q

What does the nucleus contain?

A
  • nuclear envelope
  • nuclear pores
  • chromatin
  • nucleolus
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7
Q

What is the nuclear envelope?

A

A double membrane controlling material entry and exit

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8
Q

What are nuclear pores?

A

Gaps in the membrane allowing large molecules such as mRNA out of the nucleus

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9
Q

What is chromatin?

A

Made out of proteins and DNA, it controls cell activity

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10
Q

What does the nucleolus do?

A

It is responsible for making ribosomes

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11
Q

What are the functions of the nucleus?

A
  • produce mRNA for protein synthesis
  • retain genetic material in the form of DNA or chromosomes
  • manufacture ribosomal RNA and ribosomes
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12
Q

What does the mitochondria contain? And what is the mitochondria?

A

• a double membrane
• Cristoe
• matrix
- the site of aerobic respiration, energy is derived from fuels here and converted into ATP

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13
Q

What does the double membrane do?

A

The outer membrane controls the flow if materials in/out

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14
Q

What is Cristoe and what does it do?

A

• it is the extension of the inner membrane it increases surface area for the attachment of enzymes

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15
Q

What is the matrix and what does it do?

A

It is a semi rigid structure containing proteins, lipids, trace DNA, and the enzymes involved in respiration
it is also the site of the krebs cycle

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16
Q

What is the endoplasmic reticulum?

A

A system of sheet like membranes throughout the cytoplasm

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17
Q

What are the two types of endoplasmic reticulum?

A

there is the ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM and the SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

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18
Q

What does the rough endoplasmic reticulum look like, and why?

A

It is bumpy because it has ribosomes embedded on its surface to give it a large surface area for protein synthesis

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19
Q

What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A

It acts as a pathway to transport proteins out of the cell

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20
Q

What does the smooth endoplasmic reticulum look like and why?

A

It is smooth as it has no ribosomes embedded on the surface

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21
Q

What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Used for protein synthesis, it stores and transports lipids and carbohydrates

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22
Q

Where is the reticulum found?

A

In close proximity of not attached to the nucleus

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23
Q

What does the Golgi apparatus do?

A

It modifies, packages and transports lipids and proteins

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24
Q

What is the structure of the Golgi apparatus?

A
  • similar to the smooth ER
  • more compact
  • flattened stacks of membranes with rounded structures called vessicles
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25
Q

What are the functions of the Golgi apparatus?

A
  • adds carbohydrates to proteins to make glycoproteins
  • produces secretary enzymes
  • secretes carbohydrates
  • transports and modifies lipids
  • forms lysosomes
26
Q

What are lysosomes?

A
  • formed from the Golgi apparatus they contain digestive enzymes
  • round organelle surrounded by a membrane with no clear internal structure
27
Q

What do lysosomes do?

A
  • isolate potentially harmful enzymes from the rest of the cell
  • break down material ingested by phagocytic cells such as white blood cells
  • release enzymes to the outside of the cell
  • digest worn out organelles
  • break down cells when they have died
28
Q

Where a ribosomes found?

A

In the cytoplasm floating freely or attached to the rough ER

29
Q

What are ribosomes used for?

A

Protein synthesis

30
Q

What are the two types of ribosomes?

A
  • 80s

* 70s

31
Q

Where are 80s found?

A

In eukaryotic cells, they are about 25nm

32
Q

Where are 70s found?

A

Found in prokaryotic cells, they are smaller

33
Q

What are microvilli?

A

Finger like projections of epithelial cells to increase surface area for absorption

34
Q

What make up the cytoskeleton?

A

Micro tubules

Micro filaments

35
Q

What are microfilments are what are they involved in?

A
  • protein action

* Involved in cell movement and cell division

36
Q

What are micro tubules and what are they involved in?

A
  • globular proteins that form tubes
  • determine cell shape
  • direct movement of organelles within the cell
37
Q

What does the nucleus make?

A

MRNA for protein synthesis

Manufactures ribosomal RNA and ribosomes

38
Q

What are ribosomes made up of?

A

Proteins and RNA

39
Q

What is the plasma cell surface membrane?

A

A lipid bilayer in which proteins are embedded

40
Q

Where is the cell surface membrane found?

A

On the surface of animal cells

Just inside the cell wall of plant cells and prokaryotic cells

41
Q

What does the cell membrane do?

A

Regulates movement of substances in and out of the cell

42
Q

What molecules does the cell surface membrane have?

A

Receptor molecules allowing it to respond to chemicals like hormones

43
Q

What is the cell wall?

A

A rigid structure found in plant cells that consists mainly of the carbohydrate cellulose

44
Q

What is the function of the cell wall?

A

To support the plant cells (leaves, roots and stems)

45
Q

What are vesicles?

A

Small fluid filled sacs in he cytoplasm that are surrounded by a membrane

46
Q

What do vesicles do?

A

They transport substances in and out of the cell (via the cell membrane) and between organelles

47
Q

Where are vesicles formed?

A

Some are formed at the Golgi apparatus or the ER

Others form at the cell surface

48
Q

What is centriole?

A

Small hollow cylinders made of microtubules

49
Q

Where are centrioles found?

A

In animal cells

Only in some plant cells

50
Q

What are centrioles involved in?

A

The separation of chromosomes in cell division

51
Q

What is cilia?

A

Small hair like structures found on the surface membrane of some animal cells

52
Q

What does cilia look like in cross section?

A
  • Has an outer membrane

* Nine pairs of protein molecules on the outside and two micro tubules in the middle

53
Q

What do the micro tubules in the cilia allow?

A

The cilia to move

54
Q

What is the movement in cilia used for?

A

It is used by the cell to move substances along the cell surface

55
Q

What are flagella?

A
  • like cilia but longer

* they stick our from the cell surface

56
Q

What does flagellum look like?

A
  • surrounded by a plasma membrane

* inside they have a pair of micro tubules in the centre and 9 pairs around the edge

57
Q

What makes flagellum move?

A

The micro tubules contract to make flagellum move

58
Q

What is flagella used for?

A

It is used to make cells move, it acts like an outward motor
E.g. When a sperm cell swims

59
Q

What are chloroplasts?

A

Small flattened structures found in plant cells.

60
Q

What does a chloroplast do?

A
  • It is the site of photosynthesis

* Some parts of photosynthesis happen in the grana and others in the strong

61
Q

What is the structure of chloroplasts?

A
  • surrounded by a double membrane
  • has membranes inside called thylakoid membranes
  • these membranes are stacked to form grana
  • grana are linked by lamella (thin prices of thylakoid membrane)
62
Q

How big are eukaryotic cells?

A

10-100 micrometers

A Level Biology (102 decks)

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